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                      CCCCCCCCCC       III      III
                     CCC      CCC      III      III
                     CCC       CC      III      III
                     CCC               III     IIII
                     CCC               III    IIIII
                     CCC               III   IIIIII
                     CCC               III  III III
                     CCC               III III  III
                     CCC               IIIIII   III   
                     CCC               IIIII    III
                     CCC       CC      IIII     III
                     CCC      CCC      III      III
                      CCCCCCCCCC       III      III
                       CCCCCCCC        III      III





















                              





                              - 1 -


                           


1.  . 㪮⢮ ணࠬ.  㭪樨  ⠭⭮
   ⥪........................................................ 2
    1.1. ଠ /뢮........................................ 8
    1.2. 䠩 ࠡ  ନ..............................13
    1.3. ࠢ । ᪮ ...............14
    1.4.   ப  ᨬ..............................16
    1.5. ।⢠ ⫠............................................23

2. ⥪ ⥬᪨ 㭪権 CMLIB.OBJ.......................26

3. 䡨⥪ CGLIB.OBJ..........................................28

4. ⥪ ⥬ 㭪権  RT11 CRLIB.OBJ....................30

5.  . 㪮⢮ ....................................32
    5.1. ⠤ ⮢ ணࠬ.................................32
    5.2. ஡ ஬ 䠩...............................34
    5.3.  EIS................................................35
    5.4. ᫥  饩 ⮩..............................35
    5.5. 樠 FPU...........................................36
    5.6. ଠ 뢮 ᥫ  饩 ⮩...................36
    5.7. ⨬.................................................36
    5.8. ..................................................37
    5.9.  ⮭ ணࠬ................................37
    5.10.饭 .........................................38

6.    .........................................39
    6.1.   ࠡ⪠  ப...........................41
    6.2. ࠢ ⮢묨 ⢨ﬨ............................42

7.  ࠡ  ନ.........................................43
    7.1.  ࠭...........................................43
    7.2. ......................................................45
    7.3. 뢮.......................................................45
    7.4. ........................................................45
    7.5. 襭 ࠡ...........................................45
    7.6. ⨬  ................................46

8. ᪨ ।..............................................52

9. ⪮ ᠭ    DEC.........................53

10.祭 訡...................................................54

















                              - 2 -


       1.  .  . 
              

      쥪,         饬   ᠭ,
ᯮ,  ᭮,  १  㪠⥫    ,  ⮬  
㪠⥫  쥪  ᠭ ⮦⢫    ᠬ  쥪⮬.
, ਬ, । ਯ஬  䠩  -  ன  ⨯
"FILE"  (⨯  ᠭ    䠩  "STDIO.H"),  ,  ..     䠩
뫠   㪠⥫   ਯ,  㪠⥫  
ᠭ  ⮦⢫    䠩.  ,    ࠢ,    ᮧ
筮⥩.
     ᯮ짮     /뢮  ணࠬ  
  16. 䠩.  ଠ  ⮬ 䠩 ᮤন  
⠪ 뢠 ਯ 䠩 -  ⨯ FILE.   ⨯,  
⠪  㣨  ६    ।  ᠭ    䠩
"STDIO.H",       祭    砫    䠩,
ᮤঠ饣 㭪樨  . ᫨  ᠭ
        FILE *iop; /* 㪠⥫  ਯ 䠩 */
, ࠦ "䠩 iop"  쭥襬 ᠭ 㤥   "䠩,
 ਯ ண 㪠뢠 iop".  䠩  "STDIO.H"  ।
ᨬ "NULL" (0)  EOF  (-1).    ᨬ  ।  뤥
祭, 頥 묨 㭪  ଠ樨    訡
 ⠭⭮ ᮡ⨨.
        ணࠬ,   ᠭ      "",   ⮬᪨
뢠 (᫨    )  䠩:
        stdin - 䠩 ⠭⭮ 
        stdout -  ⠭⭮ 뢮
        stderr - 䠩 ⠭⭮ 뢮 訡
   䠩      㬮砭   뢠      ନ,   
ᮮ⢥騬 㬥⠬      ப  䠩  "STDIN"  
"STDOUT"   ७ࠢ  㣨 ன⢠  䠩  (.
"㪮⢮ ࠬ. ⥪. ᯮ ⥬").
    fopen
        char *name; /* ᯥ䨪 䠩 */
        char *mode; /* ᯮᮡ  */
        file *
        fopen(name,mode);
뢠   訩 䠩.  䨪  䠩  
 ப "name"  ଠ CSI. ᫨     䠩    
ன⢠,   ।  "DK:",  ᫨    ,  
।  "[0]"  (  䠩,  뢠    ⥭,  
). ᫨ ன⢮  䠩,ਬ  "TT:",  "LP:"  
..,           ⨯  䠩.  ⬥⨬,    
ᯥ䨪 䠩       "DK:",    㤥  䨪஢
訡. ਬ ⨬ :
        RK1:MAMA.FOR
        RK1:MAMA.FOR
        AMA.FOR
        DX0:PROG10.C[12]
        KISS.TXT
        LP:
ᯮᮡ    䠩  ।  㬥⮬  "mode",   
।⠢ ᯮᮡ  䠩 ।  㬥⮬  "mode",
 ।⠢ ᮡ ப,  ᮤঠ    
ᤥ 祩:
    R - ⨥ 饣 䠩  .
    W - ⨥  䠩  뢮.
    N - ⨥ 䠩  "筮" ( ᨬ쭮) ०:
  "UNIX"  ᨬ 䠩 ப ࠭稢  ᨬ  '\N'
(<>), ᨬ '\R' (<>) .
  RT11  ࠭⥫  ப      "\R\N".  ..
  ᯮ   뢮    ᨬ  䠩,
 ᮢ⨬  㬮砭 䠩 뢠  ⠪  ࠧ,  
                              - 3 -


  '\R' 뢠,   뢮  ⠢  ।  '\N'.
,  ⥭  ᨬ쭮 (筮) 䠩  ०  
ਢ  訡,  ᫥ 뢠 䠩  箬 'N'.
    U - ந ᨬ 뢮 
  ⮫쪮  䠩,      ନ  (  ⨢
砥  );  筮  뢮    ନ   믮   
ਧ樥   .PRINT,  ⨨  䠩   箬  'U'  뢮
㤥 믮 ᨬ쭮 ( ਧ樨)   .TTYOUT  (  
ନ ᥣ ⢫  .TTYIN,   ᨬ쭮  
室 ᯮ짮 㭪樥 $ttymode()). ⨬,   stderr
  箬 'U'.
    D -  믮 䠩 ⨥ 䠩 ன⢠:
 ⮣   ⪥ 믮 "fopen("RK1:","R");"  稬
訡,      "fopen("RK1:","RD");"   믮      訡.
䠩 ⨥ ன⢠    䠩  ன    
ᮧ ணࠬ, ࠡ ।⢥  ⠫ (ਬ  -
fwild()  rdir()  CRLIB)  ணࠬ, ।祭    ࠡ
 ᪠,    䠩  ⥬    RT11.  訡
㤥 , ᫨  'D' ᯮ   箬  'W',    ⠪
᫨   ன⢮,      ஬   ந室    饭,    
⠭ 䠩  (ਬ "MT:").

  祩 'R'  'W'    ⢮  (    !!!),
⠫   ⢮  ⢮.

     㤠筮 ⨨ fopen() १ࢨ  (  malloc())  
 ਯ  䠩      (  530.  )    頥
㪠⥫  .   㤠筮  ⨨  fopen()  頥  NULL
(0).

      ⨨    ⥭  饣   䠩      
६  "$$FLEN"        (0      ன   
䠩 ன).

    ᫨  ࠩ  ன⢠,  㪠    ⨨  䠩,  
㦥,  fopen() 㦠 , १ࢨ      malloc().
ࠩ ⠥ 㦥,     १ࢨ஢  
砭 .

        䠩    ६      
  ⥭.   ࠡ    ६묨  䠩  ᫥    䠩
  ,   ⮬    ᭮,  㦥    ⥭.  
ᯮ짮 ⠪ 㭪 rewind(),   䠩,   
,   .

    ࠭祭  ।⢥ 㯠      
䠩 ।⠢ 㭪ﬨ ftell() - fseek().

    ਢ ਬ ᯮ짮 㭪樨 fopen()  ਬ  ⮩
ணࠬ, 饩  䠩 "a.txt"  䠩 "b.txt".

    #include <stdio.h>
    char inname[]="A.TXT";  /*  室 䠩 */
    char outname[]="B.TXT"; /*  室 䠩 */
    main()
    {
        register c;
        file *inf;      /* 䠩  */
        file *outf;     /* 䠩 뢮 */
        if((inf=fopen(inname,"RN")) == null)
                error("訡  䠩  \"%s\",
                                                inname);

                              - 4 -


        if((outf=fopen(outname,"WN")) == null)
                error("訡  䠩 뢮 \"%s\",
                                                outfname);
    /* ஢ */
        while((c = getc(inf)) != eof) putc(c);
    }
    freopen
        char    *name;  /*  䠩 */
        char   *mode; /* ᯮᮡ  */
        file   *iop;
        file *
        freopen(name,mode,iop);
    freopen() 筠  fopen(),    ᯮ  㦥  騩
ਯ 䠩,   㪠뢠 iop. , ࠭  易  
iop, 뢠. ᫨ ந諠 訡    䠩,  ਯ
䠩 ᢮. 訡  䠩 .
    freopen() ଠ쭮 頥 "iop",  NULL  訡.

    fclose
        file    *iop;   /* 㪠⥫  ਯ 䠩 */
        fclose(iop);
    뢠 䠩 iop  ᢮ ,    ਯ.
頥 0, ᫨ 訡 ,  -1  訡. ⨬,    stderr
  .  ᫥    䠩,  ⮣      
ன⢥  ந 㯮 (᪥)  ﬨ.

    fpclose
        file *iop;
        fpclose(iop);
    㭪 fpclose()  筠  fclose(),    ᫨  䠩  
  뢮     ⨨  ந諠  訡,    䠩  
뢠 (.. ).

    fpurge
        file *iop;
        fpurge(iop);
    ᢮ ,    뢠  䠩,    ᢮  ,
  ਯ. ᫨ 䠩    뢮,  .

    getchar, getc
        file *iop;
        getchar();
        getc(iop);
    getchar()   ᨬ  ⠭⭮ 䠩  (stdin).
getc()   ᨬ   䠩  iop.    EOF  (-1)  
訡    䠩.  ᫨  䠩        㪠
 'N' ( 㬮砭 stdin 뢠  ⠪),     
ᨬ '\R' (<BK>) 㤥 ஢.

    putchar, putc
        char    c;
        file    *iop;
        putchar(c);
        putc(c,iop);
putchar() 뢮  ᨬ   ⠭  䠩  뢮  (stdout).
putc() 뢮  ᨬ  䠩 iop. ଠ쭮   祭
ᨬ  eof  訡. ᫨  室  䠩      㪠
 'n',      뢮  ᨬ  '\N'  (<>)  ।    㤥
 ᨬ '\R' (<>).

    ungetc
        char    c;
        file    *iop;
                              - 5 -


        ungetc(c,iop);
頥  ᨬ  㪠 䠩  (ᨬ  ࠭  
ᯥ樠쭮  ⢥    ਯ  䠩).     ⪥
    䠩       ᨬ   ந室   ਩
뢠 ணࠬ  樨 BPT.

    getw
        file    *iop;
        getw(iop);
⠥  䠩  iop        頥        16-
ࠧ來 ᫮.    ࠢ    ந.  ᫨  
⠥    䠩,    室       箬   'N'.
ᯮ feof()  ferror()  ஢ப   䠩  訡.

    putw
        int     word;
        file    *iop;
        putw(word,iop);
뢠 ᫮ word  䠩 iop  ⭮  (᭠砫  訩  ),
 ࠢ  ந.   ४  뢠
  箬  'N',      ᪠  ଠ樨    ४.
頥 0  㤠筮 襭  EOF  訡.

    gets, fgets, fgetss
        char    *buffer;
        int     maxbytes;
        file    *iop;
        char *
        gets(buffer);

        char *
        fgets(buffer,maxbytes,iop);

        char *
        fgets(buffer,maxbytes,iop);

gets()   -  ப      "buffer"    ⠭⭮  䠩
           . ࠭祭     ப  .
           ப     ⠥     ᫥⥫쭮     ᨬ,
           稢 ᨬ '\N'.   '\N'    
             '\0'.
fgets()  -  ப  䠩 iop   "buffer".  ᫨  ப
            maxbytes-1  ,    ப  १    '\N'
           .  ப     ᥣ  稢 ᨬ-
            '\N' '\0'.
fgetss() -   ,     fgets(),    '\N'      
           , ப ࠭稢 㫥.   ᮢ⨬  
           gets()    fget(),        ᮢ      ⠭⠬
           ⥪  UNIX.
ଠ쭮  buffer,  訡     䠩  
NULL.

    puts, fputs, fputss
        char    *s;
        file    *iop;
        puts(s);

        fputs(s,iop);

        fputss(s,iop);

puts()   - 뢠 ப s  ⠭  䠩  뢮.    
           ப  '\N'.
                              - 6 -


fputs()  - 뢠 ப s  㪠 䠩. '\N'   ப
            .
fputss() - 뢠 ப s    㪠  䠩.      ப 
            '\N'. 㭪樨  EOF   砥  訡
             䠩.

    fread
        struct object   *op;
        int     nitem;
        file    *iop;
        fread(op, sizeof(*op), nitem, iop);
 㪠 (nitem) ᫮  ᥩ (  ଠ,
㭪樨 fread() - fwrite()      ⭮襭    㭪
fget() - fput())  㪠 䠩  ,      㪠뢠
op.   㪠뢠  ஬ 㬥  (  ਬ  -  
sizeof(*op)). 頥  ᫮  䠪᪨    ᥩ.  
  㫥, ᫨    訡      ⨣
 䠩.

    fwrite
        struct object   *op;
        int     nitem;
        file    *iop;
        fread(op, sizeof(*op), nitem, iop);
뢮 "nitem"  ᥩ  䠩 iop    ,    
㪠뢠  op.      㪠뢠    ஬  㬥  (
ਬ -  sizeof(*op)). 頥  ᫮  䠪᪨  뢥
ᥩ.    㫥, ᫨      訡  
 ⨣  䠩.

    fget
        char    *buffer;
        int     maxbytes;
        file    *iop;
        fget(buffer, maxbytes, iop);
 ଠ  (  ଠ RSX,   (ப)
। 稪  ,  騩  2  )    䠩  iop  
"buffer". ᫨   ॢ室 maxbytes,       㤥
ᥭ maxbytes , ⠫  ⮩   .

      RT11 㭪 fget()  ᯮ짮    ⥭  䠩,
ᠭ   㭪樨 fput(),    ४஢  䠩,
ᠭ  RSX.      箬 'N'.

    頥  ᫮  䠪᪨  ⠭      (   
 maxbytes). ᯮ feof()  ஢ન   䠩.

    fput
        char    *buffer;
        int     nbytes;
        file    *iop;
        fput(buffer,nbytes,iop);
뢮 nbytes    "buffer"  䠩 "iop"    ଠ⭮
筮  ( ଠ RSX).          箬
'N'.     ⮫쪮   㭪樨 fget(). ᥣ
頥 nbytes. ᯮ ferror() ᫥ fput()  ஢ન  
訡 .

    fseek
        file    *iop;
        long    offset;
        int     param;
        fseek(iop,offset,param);
                              - 7 -


६頥 㪠⥫ ⥪饩 樨  ⥭  䠩  iop    ,
㪠  offset. 頥 0  ଠ쭮 襭,  eof  
訡.  ଠ쭮 襭 뢠 䫠 訡    
䠩    ᨬ,  饭     ungetc().   ன⢮   
᪠ ।⢥  ( 訡),
    param   ࠢ 0 ( 訡).
    param   ᮢ⨬   UNIX,  0 砥
᮫⭮ 樮஢ -   UNIX   ⭮⥫쭮.
    offset   祭  㭪樨 ftell().   UNIX 
param=0 offset  ஬   砫 䠩.  
ॠ樨   ⠪: offset  襬 ᫮ ᮤন  
䠩,   襬 ᫮ -    .
    fseek  頥  訡 १ $$ferr.

    ftell
        file    *iop;
        long
        ftell(iop);
頥 ⥪饥  㪠⥫  樨  ⥭/  䠩
iop.   (  ⥭)      ⠭  맮
fseek().

    rewind
        file    *iop;
        rewind(iop);
ந ⠭ 㪠⥫ ⥭/ 䠩   砫  䠩.
頥 0  ଠ쭮 襭, EOF    訡.  ᫨  䠩
  ,  䠩 뢠  뢠   ⥭.  ᫨
 ⨨ 䠩   ⨨    訡,    䠩  
뢠  ਯ 䠩 ᢮.

    delete
        char    *filename;
        delete(filename);
ࠥ 䠩,  ண ( ASCII) 㪠  ப filename.  ᫨
ࠩ ன⢠,   室 㪠 䠩,   㦥,
delete() 㦠 , १ࢨ    malloc(),    㦠
ࠩ  ᢮  ᫥ 襭 樨.  頥  1
 ᯥ譮 襭  0  訡.  ᫥ 砥 
訡 室  $$ferr  errno.

    fmkdl
        file    *iop;
        fmkdl(iop);
뢠    ࠥ  㪠  䠩.  頥  0    ᯥ譮
襭, -1  訡. fmkdl() ५  ᪮쪮  ४⭠.
ᯮ delete().

    fgchan
        fgchan();
室  ᢮    /뢮,  砥       ⠡
ᯮ饩 ⥬ 몠 ""      頥    
(>=0). 頥 -1, ᫨ ᢮  .

    frchan
        int     chan;
        frchan(chan);
᢮ , 祭   fgetc(),        ⠡
ᯮ饩 ⥬ 몠 ""  ᢮. 頥:
    0 - ଠ쭮 襭
    1 - ⨬  
    2 -   
    3 -     fgchan()
                              - 8 -


    fgetname
        file    *iop;
        char    *buffer;
        fgetname(iop,buffer);
      "buffer"    䠩  iop    ASCII  (࠭   
ਯ).

    feof
        file    *iop;
        feof(iop);
頥 1, ᫨  䠩 iop  ⨣  ,    0    ⨢
砥.

    ferror
        file    *iop;
        ferror(iop);
頥 1, ᫨  ࠡ  䠩 iop 뫠 䨪஢ 訡,
 0  ⨢ 砥.

    flun
        file    *iop;
        flun(iop);
頥   /뢮,  易  䠩 iop.

    frec
        file    *iop;
        frec(iop);
頥 1, ᫨ 䠩 iop ᥮ਥ஢,   0    ⨢
砥.  ᥮ਥ஢묨    ⮩⢠     䠩
ன (  ନ), ਬ "PC:", "LP:"  ..

    ftty
        file    *iop;
        ftty(iop);
頥 1, ᫨ 䠩 iop 易   ନ,    0    ⨢
砥.

    gettty
        char    *buffer;
        gettty(buffer);
      "buffer"  ப    ன⢠   ࠢ饣
ନ.  㠫쭮   UNIX  RSX,   RT11  gettty()  ᥣ
頥 "TT:".   ᮢ⨬.

    fclear
        file    *iop;
頥 (뢠) 䫠 訡  䫠 EOF  ਯ 䠩  iop.
     ࠡ  ନ.


            1.1.  /

    printf, fprintf, sprintf
        char    *format;
        printf(format {, arg} ...)

        char    *format;
        file    *iop;
        fprintf(iop, format {, arg} ...) 

        char    *format;
        char    *buffer;
        sprintf(buffer, format {, arg} ...) 
                              - 9 -


⢫ ଠ ८ࠧ  뢮  㪠  ଠ樨.
printf()  頥  뢮    ⠭   䠩   뢮   (stdout),
fprintf() 頥 뢮  㪠  䠩  iop,  sprintf()  頥
뢮  ப buffer  (  ⮬  ᫥  ᨬ  㤥  '\0').
   㭪権 ८ࠧ뢠, ଠ   ⠥  ᢮
㬥 ("arg", 㬥 稭    ண    printf())  
ࠢ    㬥    "format"     (     㬥     
printf())."format" ।⠢ ᮡ ᨬ  ப,  ᮤঠ
 ⨯ 쥪⮢: 몭 ᨬ,     
室 ⮪,    ᯥ䨪樨  ८ࠧ,    ࠢ
८ࠧ   । 㬥 printf().
     ᯥ䨪  ८ࠧ  稭    ᨬ  "%".
᫥    :
    *易⥫   "-",    㪠뢠    室
  ࠢ  ଠ樨    㪠    (   㬮砭
믮 ࠢ ࠢ);
    *易⥫쭠 ஢ ப, । ਭ  :  ᫨
८ࠧ  稭    ᨬ,祬 ਭ ,  
  㤥    ஡  ᫥  (  ࠢ,   ᫨   
㪠⥫  ࠢ); ᫨ ਭ  稭    ,
㤥 ந  ﬨ,   ஡;
    *易⥫쭠 窠,  㦨  ࠧ ਭ  
(. )  ஢ ப, ।饩 筮 (. );
    *易⥫쭠  ஢  ப,  ।  筮  (..
᫮  ᫥ 筮 窨    ᯥ䨪権  ଠ  'e'  
'f',    ᨬ쭮  ᫮   ᨬ   ⠥   ப   
ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ 's');
    *ᨬ l (  讥),㪠뢠騩,  ᫥騥    
ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ d, o, x    u  ᮮ⢥  楫    
  筮.  ᫨  ᫥  'l'         㪠
ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ, ⠪  ࠡ뢠    ଠ
'u', .. ଠ쭮 楫  ;
    *ᨬ,  㪠뢠騩  ⨯  ८ࠧ.   ਭ      
筮   ஢ ப ।  ᨬ  "*".  
⮬  砥  ਭ      筮  ᮤন      ᫥饬
㬥, ᬠਢ  楫 ᫮.

     ਢ  ᨬ  ⨯  ८ࠧ    ᭥  
᫠:
    d, u, o, x 
楫 ᫮ "arg" ८ࠧ뢠 ᮮ⢥⢥      
,     ,  쬥    ⭠
. (  ⮫쪮  , ⠫  ).
    D, U, O, X 
筮 ,  ⠥,  㬥  ⨯ long  (..  D
筮 ld).
    f
⢨⥫쭮 ᫮ ⨯ float  double ८ࠧ    
 筮  "{-}ddd.ddd", ᫮    ᫥  筮  窨
ࠢ ᯥ䨪樨 筮   㬥.  ᫨  筮  饭,
ਭ 6 ; ᫨  筮 0,      
筠 窠.
    e
⢨⥫쭮 ᫮ ⨯ float  double ८ࠧ    
  "{-}d.ddde+-dd",  । 筮 窮  ⠥  
,  ᫥ 筮  窨  ⠥  ⮫쪮  ,  ᪮쪮
㪠  ᯥ䨪樨 ᨬ ப       ப
( ᨬ '\0')   ௠ ⢠  ᨬ,  㪠
  ᯥ䨪樨  筮.  ᫨  筮  ࠢ  0      饭,
  ᨬ   ப.
    r
⠥,  ᫥騩 㬥   㪠⥫    
"ଠ - 㬥",    묨    㤥  ந室  쭥襥
                              - 10 -


८ࠧ.  ⮬     㪠⥫  
ப "ଠ",  ᫥騬 ⠬ -  㬥,    묨
  ந  ८ࠧ.  ⠪    ⮬᪨
ࠧ   ⥪    맮  㭪樨    㬥⠬,  묨
㬥⠬ printf(). ਬ:
        myerror(args)
        {
                fprintf(stderr,"\n?error: %r", &args);
                exits(4);
        }
    㭪   맢 ⠪:
        myerror("訡 %d  ப %d\n", errnum, strnum);
। 㫥 㣮 ଠ   ᯥ䨪樨  'r'  ந室
    ࠢ  맢襬  ଠ.  ᫨   ᨬ   ⨯
८ࠧ  ᮢ    묨,      ᨬ
 뢮.  ࠧ  뢥 '%',      ଠ
%%".
        砥       ਭ    
ਢ  祭 .      (஡    ﬨ)
    ⮫쪮    ⮬  砥,    㪠  ਭ  
ॢ蠥 ⢨⥫ ਭ.
       ணࠬ    ᨬ      ᫮
    ᪫祭  (    )   㭪樨   ଠ
८ࠧ ᥫ  饩 ⮩. ᫨  ⮬  뢮  ᥫ
  ᯮ,    ᫠ 㤥 饭   ᨬ  '?'  
室    ᫮ ⥫.
    printf()  fprintf()  0    ଠ쭮  襭  
EOF   訡      䠩.  sprintf()  頥  "buffer".
ਬ:
        ६  
        sunday, july 3, 10:02
, weekday   month    㪠⥫ﬨ    ப,  ᯮ㥬
᫥ 㭪 printf:
        printf("%s, %s, %d, %02d:%02d",
                weekday, month, day, hour, min);
    ᫠ st  筮     ᯮ㥬: 
        printf("st=%.5f", st);

    scanf, fscanf, sscanf
        char *format; 
        scanf(format {,㪠⥫} ...);

        file *iop;
        char *format; 
        fscanf(iop, format {,㪠⥫} ...);

        char *s; 
        char *format; 
        sscanf(s, format {,㪠⥫} ...);
scanf()뢠 ⠭ 室 䠩 (stdin). fscanf() 뢠
㪠 室 䠩.  sscanf()  뢠  ᨬ    ப  s.
 㭪 뢠 ᨬ,    ᮮ⢥⢨  
ଠ⮬    뢠  १    ᢮  㬥.  㬥⠬
 㭪樨  ࠢ ப "format"  ᠭ  ,
  㬥⮢ "㪠⥫", 㪠뢠   ६    
८ࠧ  .  ८ࠧ  (ࠡ  㭪樨   scanf())
稢    ⨦    䠩         ᮢ
   ॠ쭮 騬.
    ࠢ     ப     "format"     ᮤন     ᯥ䨪樨
८ࠧ, ᯮ㥬   ࠢ  樥  室
᫥⥫쭮.  ࠢ  ப    ᮤঠ:  ஡,
ᨬ  ⠡樨      ப,      ᮣᮢ뢠   
易⥫묨 "묨" ﬨ  ;    ᨬ  ('%'),
                              - 11 -


  ᮣᮢ뢠  ᮮ⢥騬 ᨬ  室
⮪. ᫨    室 ⮪ 室  ᨬ  
㦨 (饥  ""    ),    ࠡ
scanf() 稢,  ⮬  ᫥騬  맮  getchar()  㤥
⠭   ᨬ,      㤠  ஢,  scanf()
頥   ungetc().  䨪樨  ८ࠧ,  騥
 ᨬ '%', 易⥫쭮 ᨬ  ᢠ  '*',
易⥫쭮  ᫥  ᨬ쭮   ਭ         ᨬ
८ࠧ.
    䨪 ८ࠧ ࠢ ८ࠧ  ᫥饣
 : १ 頥  ६,     㪠뢠
ᮮ⢥騩 㬥,  ᪫祭   砥,    㪠
ᨬ  ᢠ '*'.      ।  
ப   ᨬ   (஡).      ࠥ      ࢮ
室饣  ᨬ      ௠  ਭ    (᫨  
㪠). 饥 ""  ।   筮 (᫨  
 ७ ᮡ) .  ८ࠧ 㪠뢠  
 樨  .    ਬ  ᫥騥  ᨬ
८ࠧ:
    %       -  ⮩ 窥        ᨬ  '%', 
              ᢠ  믮;
    d ,o, x -    楫   㪠   ⨯   -   筮,
              쬥筮     ⭠筮   ᮮ⢥⢥.
              ⢥騩  㬥      㪠⥫  
              楫.
    s       -  ᨬ쭠 ப.  ⢥騩  㬥 
                㪠⥫  char, 㪠뢠騬    ᨢ 
              ᨬ,   ࠧ饭  ப     
              騬 ᨬ '\0',  㤥 . 
               蠥  ஡,  ⠡樥    ᨬ
               ப.
    c      -   ᨬ. ᮮ⢥騩 㬥   
              㪠   ᪮.  ⬥⨬,    饥
              ""   . ᫨  ᨬ ᫥
              ⭮ ᪮  '~',      ᨬ  
                 ᪮    ᬠਢ        
              "饭"  "⮯" ᨬ  -    
              ᨬ   ࢮ  ᨬ,      
              ⠢襩  (᫥ '~') ᨬ  묨
              ᪮. ⢥騩 㬥  㪠뢠  
              ᨢ ᨬ.
    ᫨ । d, o  x ⠢ 'l',  砥,      ᯨ᪥
㬥⮢ 室 㪠⥫  楫  ᫮      筮
(long),    int. 筮, ᫨ । e  f ⠢  'l',  
砥,  ᯮ 㪠⥫    ᫮    饩  窮
 筮 (double),    float.  筮  䥪  
, ᯮ  ᯥ䨪樨  ८ࠧ  訥  㪢,
  printf. ᫨ ᨬ ८ࠧ  d,o    x  ।
'h',  砥,    ᯮ  㪠⥫    ⪮  楫
(short),        int  (    ॠ樨  short  ᮢ  
int).㭪樨   scanf(),   fscanf(),   sscanf()        ᫮
᢮ ⮢ . 室 ⬥,    ᫨  -
饥   室  㪠  ᯥ䨪樨  ८ࠧ
(ਬ  ᨬ      "%d"    ..),      ᯥ䨪
ய᪠    ८ࠧ    믮.  ᫨      
᢮  ந諮  ⨣  䠩,   㤥  饭
EOF (-1). ਬ:
        int i;
        float x;
        char name[50];
        scanf("%d%f%s", &i, &x, name);
  ᫥饩 ப:
        25 54.32e-1 tompson
                              - 12 -


scanf() ᢮ i 祭 25, x  -  祭  5.432    name  㤥
ᮤঠ "tompson\0". 饭 㤥 ᫮  3.      ப
        2aaa
i 㤥 ᢮ 祭 2, f ⠭   (  
室饣 ,  ᯥ䨪  ८ࠧ  ),  name
㤥 ᮤঠ "aaa\0". 饭 㤥 ᫮ 2.
    
    atoi
        char *str; /* ப  ᫮ */
        atoi(str);
८ࠧ ப ᨬ ASCII  筮.
        [" "\t]*[+-]?[0-9]*
騥  ஡,  ⠡樨      '+'  ,     '-'
ࠡ뢠    ࠧ.  ८ࠧ  稢   
ࢮ 室饬  ᨬ.  ᫨  ᫮    頥    ᫮,
ந室 祭  16 . 頥  ᫮.  訡  .  ᫨
८ࠧ  뫮 , 頥 ᫮ 0.

    atoo
        char *str;
        atoo(str);
ப ᨬ ASCII  쬥筮 ᫮.  ⠫쭮  atoi.

    atol
        char *str;
        long
        atol(str);
८ࠧ ப ᨬ ASCII     筮.  ந室
祭  32 .  ⠫쭮  atoi

    atof
        char *str;
        double
        atof(str);
८ࠧ ப ᨬ ASCII    筮    饩
窮 (double). ப    ( 樨 lex):
        [" "\T]*[+-]?[0-9]*(\.[0-9]*)?[Ee]?((-)?[0-9]+)?
,    ᪨,      易⥫쭮  窨   ஡   
⠡権, 易⥫쭮 , ப  ,    ᮤঠ饩
 , 易⥫쭮 ᨬ '' (   ॣ)  
易⥫쭮 楫  . ᫨ 祭  ॢ蠥  襥
।⠢,    頥  襥  ।⠢   ᫮   
⠭ 訡 "E_RAN"  $$ferr.

    ecvt, fcvt, gcvt - ८ࠧ  뢮  ᥫ    饩
                       ⮩
        double value;
        int ndigit, *decpt, *sign;
        char *
        ecvt(value, ndigit, decpt, sign);

        char *
        fcvt(value, ndigit, decpt, sign);

        char *buf;
        char *
        gcvt(value, ndigit, buf);
    ecvt() - 祭 value   ப    ASCII    ndigit  
頥 㪠⥫  .   筮  窨  ⭮⥫쭮
砫 ப 頥 १ decpt:  㫥  祭  砥,
 窠 ⮨   ᨬ ப,  ⥫쭮  祭
砥,  筠 窠 ⮨  ᫥    ப.  ᫨  value
⥫쭮,    १  sign  頥  㫥  祭,  
                              - 13 -


㫥  ⨢ 砥.   㣫.
    fcvt() 筠 ecvt(),  ndigit 砥   饥  ᫮
,  ᫮  ᫥ ⮩.
    gcvt() ८ࠧ 祭 value  ப  ASCII    ,
  㪠뢠 buf   頥  buf.    ப,  頥
gcvt()    ndigit      (,  ᫨  ᫮
⪮). ப ਣ  , 祬  ଠ  ப  -  'e'
J 'f',  롨ࠥ        ப,  室  
।⠢  ᫠   ଠ.
    ᭨ : 
  ᫮ 1.1   ।⠢:
               1.1     - ଠ 'f'
               1.1e+00 - ଠ 'e'.
 ࢮ ।⠢ , ⮬ 㤥 ࠭ ;
  ᫮ 123000000   ।⠢ ⠪:
               123000000 - ଠ 'f'
               1.23+08  - ଠ 'e'
 ⮬ 砥 㤥 ࠭ ஥ ।⠢.
    gcvt() 뢠 ecvt().  室  ⬥,      㭪樨
 㪠⥫  ७ ᪨ ,   
१뢠   맮 㭪権.

           1.2.    

      ਫ (ࠧ ࠭ ।, ),
    ॡ  ⨢    ⠭⭮  ⢨   
ନ.  뢠        㭪樨     ᯥ稢
   ⠪   ⢨.   室   ⬥,   
뢠 㭪樨        ⠭  㭪権  ࠡ  
䠩 (  뢠 ஥ ﭨ  ࠡ ᫥).

        _getchar();
 ᨬ ।⢥  ନ. 頥  <>    
ᨬ:'\r'  '\n' (<>  '\n').

        char    c;
        _putchar(c);
뢮 ᨬ 'c'  ନ.   '\r'  뢮 '\n'.

        char    *s;
        _puts(s);
뢮 ப "s"  ନ.   '\r'    뢮  '\n',
 "\r\n"     ப      ॠ樨!!!!!!!!!  
⠭    "\r\n"   ப

        int    mode;   /* 0,1,2 */
        $ttymode(mode);
⠭ ०   ନ  ᨬ  祭  mode
   0 - ⠭ ० -  ⢫  ⥬ 宮⮡-
  ਧ樥 ப (ணࠬ 砥 ᨬ ⮫쪮 ᫥
襭 ப).  ० ⠭  㬮砭.
   1 - ० ᨬ쭮 ⨢樨 -     ᨬ ࠧ
 । ணࠬ, ⥬ 宮⮡ࠦ .
   2 - ०  ᨬ쭮 ⨢樨   -     ।-
饬 ०,   ⢨    ᨬ     
믮, 㭪  _getchar()  (  getchar(),  ᫨  䠩    
ନ       箬   'n')      '\0'.   뢠
ᮮ⢥饥 ﭨ       ନ      ᯮ짮
⠭ 㭪権 . ४⭮ ࠡ⠥      TS    
.
        int     mode;   /* 0 - , 1 - ࠧ */
        $ttylc(mode);
                              - 14 -


ࠧ蠥  頥  㪢  ॣ (lower case)

           1.3.    

    ।⢠ ࠢ ᪮   室     "",
  ⠭  㭪権 ࠢ .  
  ᮤন  㭪樨,  騥    室   
,  ⠪    㦭        ୮
ᯮ짮.   㪠뢠  ,     ⢥
 ᯮ १, 頥 樥  sizeof(...).
         ࠡ   ⥬   ।    
।⠢ ᮡ 易  (        )  ᯨ᮪
,  ⮢ ண  ⮭      ࠡ祬
⪥.    ᥣ 뤥 ⭮  ᫮    (
頥  㪠⥫,  ஢    ࠭   ᫮),   祬
⥫쭮 १ࢨ  㦥  ᫮  (  ),  ஥
ᯮ  砫    ᮤন    ᫥饣    
ଠ   ⥪饣  (訩   ⠭,  ᫨
 ,  襭,  ᫨  ᢮).      ࠡ祣  ⪠
 室 㦥 ᫮, ᮮ⢥饥 䨪⨢   
ᮤঠ饥 㪠⥫  砫 ᯨ᪠.  ஡  ଠ  
७  ࣠樨  㭪権  ।  ᪮  
."㪮⢮ ணࠬ. ⥪.  ࠢ  ।
᪮ ".
        unsigned size;
        char *
        malloc(size);

        char*
        alloc(size);

१ࢨ   ᪮  㪠  size ᫮ 
 頥 㪠⥫           (ᥣ  ஢  
࠭   ᫮).        室    ⥫쭠    
१ࢨ  樮 ⥬ (   㭪樨  sbreak()).
᫨      㤮⢮७,  malloc()  頥  null.
alloc()  筠  malloc()    ᪫祭  ⮣,      砥
? 㤮⢮   頥  NULL,  -1.  
㭪  ॢ襩      ᮢ⨬  
⥪  UNIX V6. 짮   ४ (⥬  ,
  ࠡ⠥ १ malloc()).

        char *p; /* 㪠⥫   */
        free(p);
        mfree(p);
᢮ ⮪ ()  ,  १ࢨ஢    malloc().
᫥ ᢮  ⮪ (    )      
।      㭪樨  malloc().  祣    頥.
  ⬥,    ⪠     ⮪   ,   
J祭  malloc(), ਢ  ਩ 襭    
樨 BPT. mfree()    筠  free()  (  
ୠ⨢ 室).

        int     n; /* 稫 ⮢ */
        int     m; /* ࠧ  -   */
        char *
        calloc(n, m);   /* NULL ᫨   */
        char *p;
        cfree(p);
१ࢨ ⮪ ,    ࠧ饭  n  ⮢
  m   .  頥  ⮪    .
頥 㪠⥫   砫  ⪠    NULL,  ᫨  ॡ㥬
⮪        뤥.  ࢨ       
                              - 15 -


malloc(), ⮬ ᢮ १ࢨ஢ ⮪   맮
free(),     㭪  cfree(),    筠
free() ( ࠡ⠥ १ ).

        char   *buff;  /*  ⪠, 祭  malloc */
        unsigned size; /*  ࠧ */
        char *
        realloc(buff, size);
 ࠧ ⪠ , ࠭  祭    malloc(),  
size.  buff  -  㪠⥫      ⮪.  realloc()   頥
㪠⥫  ⮪ ॡ㥬 ࠧ    NULL,  ᫨    
  믮.  믮 realloc()  ⮪    
 ६饭,  ᮤন ⪠ ࠭  (७).
⭮,    ࠭  ⮪  ࠧ,  ࠢ     
ண   ࠧ஢. ᫨ realloc() 頥 NULL,   
⮪ ᢮  ᮤন  .

        int    amount;
        char *
        sbreak(amount);
१ࢨ ⮪   樮  ⥬.    
⮪   .    ᫥⥫  맮  sbreak()
뤥  뢭  ,     㦥   ⥩   
.  ᭮    ⢥  ()  ।⢮
 ⮪   . 㭪 malloc()     殢  ⮦
頥  sbreak(). 㭪  sbreak()  ४⭮  ࠡ⠥    
SJ/FB/XM   RT11, ⠪   TS    (१  .tstop),  
⠪    RT11    .  頥    뤥
⪠  NULL, ᫨      㤮⢮७.  sbreak(0)
頥  ⥪    ࠭  ᯮ㥬      (
ࢮ ᢮ ᫮ ).

        int    n;
        char *
        salloc(n);      /* NULL ᫨   */
१ࢨ n   ⥪ . 頥 㪠⥫  (஢
 ࠭ ᫮)    砫  १ࢨ஢  ⪠,  NULL,
᫨ 㤮⢮    (⥪  ᪠    0700).
१ࢨ஢  ⮪   㤥   ⮬᪨   ᢮   
     㭪樨,   믮襩   salloc();      ᢮
१ࢨ஢  ⮪  .      ᯮ짮  
⢥ 㬥 㣮 㭪樨, .. 맮 㭪樨  ந室
樨  ⥪: 믮
        subr(salloc(10),20);
ਢ  訡.    ⠪:
        temp = salloc(10);
        subr(temp, 20);
        char    *in;    /* 㤠 */
        char    *out;   /* 㤠 */
        char   nbytes; /* ᪮쪮  */
        copy(out, in, nbytes);
  㪠  ᫮  .  頥  㪠⥫    
᢮ ᫥ ஢    out.

        char    *addr;
        int     nbytes;
        zero(addr, nbytes);
 ⮪ . 祣  頥.





                              - 16 -


           1.4.      

     ६ 믮 ணࠬ, ᠭ  몥  "",  ப
ᨬ  ।⠢  ᫥⥫쭮  ,  稢饩
㫥 ⮬. ਭ 㫥  뢠   0,    '\0'
  kak  "EOS"  (।    0     䠩   "stdio.h").   ப
ᯮ,  ࠢ,    㪠⥫      砫    
쭥襬 ࠦ "ப str" 㤥  "ப,    砫
ன 㪠뢠 str", 祬 ࠧ㬥,  "str"    ⨯
"char *".

        char *str;
        strlen(str);
頥  ப  str    .  筨  㫥    
⠥, ⠪  ப "" 㤥   0.

        char *in;       /* 室 ப */
        char *out;      /* 㪠⥫   */
        char *
        strcpy(out, in);
        char *
        cpystr(out, in);
 ப in  ,   㪠뢠 out.
    strcpy() 頥 out.
    cpystr() 頥 㪠⥫   ப, ᠭ   out.
  ᯮ짮 㭪 cpystr() ᫥騬 ࠧ:
        char   *ptr;
        char    buffer{bufsiz};
        extern  char *cpystr();
        ptr = cpystr(buffer, text);
        ptr = cpystr(ptr, more_text);
 ਢ ਬ  맮 cpystr() ப text  
 buffer, ᫥ 祣  맮 㭪樨 cpystr()    ⮩  ப
 (ਯ뢠) ப more_text.

        char    *out;   /* .  */
        char    *in;    /* . ப */
        int     count;  /* ᫮  */
        char *
        strncpy(out, in, count);
 ப in   out.  out 뢠 ஢ count  -
᫨ ப in ,  out  ﬨ,  ᫨  ,  
⮪ 뢠, 祬  ᫥ 砥 out    蠥
㫥. 頥 out.
        char    *in;
        char    *out;
        char *
        strcat(out, in);
ᮥ  ("ਯ뢠")  ப  in         ப,   㦥
室饩   out. 頥 out.

        char    *out;
        char    *in;
        int     count;
        char *
        strncat(out, in, count);
ᮥ  ("ਯ뢠")  ப  in         ப,   㦥
室饩     out.  ᫨  ப  in  ᮤন    count
ᨬ,  ⮪ ப 뢠.  count  室  㫥
,    砥 蠥 ப out. 頥 out.

        char    *out;   /* 㪠⥫   */
        char    *in0;   /* ࢠ . ப  */
                              - 17 -


        char    *in1;   /*  --- // ---  */
        .......................................
        char *
        concat(out, in0, in1, ...., NULL);
     ,         㪠뢠   out,   ⥭
(쥤) 室 ப.  㭪樨   ந쭮  ᫮
室  㬥⮢,  ᫥             㫥.
頥 out.

        char *a, *b;    /* stroki */
        strcmp(a, b);
ࠢ  ப 頥 १:
        -1     a <  b
         0     a == b
        +1     a >  b
ࠢ ந    ᫥  䠢⭮  㯮冷祭,  ..
ப ᬠਢ  砫, ᮢ騥 ᨬ ய᪠,  
१ ࠢ ப   १  ࠢ  ()  
ᮢ   ᨬ.   室   ⬥,      䠢⭮
㯮冷稢  㤥  믮  ࠢ쭮  ⮫쪮    ⥪⮢
ப ⨭᪮ 䠢,  ⥪⮢ ப,  ᬠਢ  
ப ᪮ 䠢, 冷 㤥 䠢.

        char   *a, *b;
        int     count;  /* ᫮ ᨬ */
        strncmp(a, b, count);
ࠢ ப, 祬 ᬠਢ ⮫쪮  count  ᨬ
(᫨ ப  count). 頥 १ ࠢ:
        -1     a <  b
         0      a == b
        +1      a >  b
 ᫥ ࠢ . strcmp().

        char *a, *b;
        streq(a, b);
஢ ப  ᮢ. 頥 1, ᫨ ப  ᮢ,
 0, ᫨ .

        char   *strn;
        char    sim;    /* ᨬ  ᪠ */
        char *
        index(strn, sim);
ᬮ ப strn  ࢮ  ᨬ sim. ᫨ ᨬ  
ப , 頥 㪠⥫  ,  頥 NULL.

        char    *strn;
        char    sim;
        char *
        rindex(strn, sim);
頥 㪠⥫   ᫥   ᨬ  "sim"  
ப "strn",  NULL, ᫨ "sim"  "strn" .

     (  ⥪)  ਠ ॠ樨  㭪権
஢  䨪樨 ᨬ:    㭪権    
ᮢ    㬥⠬.  ன  ਠ  ᮤন  襥   ᫮
㭪権, ࠡ⠥ ॥,    ॡ  0.5      (祬
ᨬ  ᫠  ᯮ㥬  㭪権,  ᫨  ,  筮,  
ࠢ ).   ਠ  ࠡ⠥  ᪮쪮  ,  
ॡ  , ᮡ   ᯮ  ᥣ    
 㭪樨. 㬭  ணࠬ,    ஢    䨪
ᨬ ᯮ " " ᯮ짮  ਠ,   
ணࠬ,  ⢥  ਥ஢    ࠡ      ᨬ
(ਬ,  ᪨ ) - ன. 室  
                              - 18 -


    ,         㭪樨   ⠭      ⨭᪨
ॣ஢ 䠢,     ᮢᥬ  ४    ᪮
䠢. , ਬ, ᨬ '', '', '',  '',  ''    
ࠪ⮢  㪢.

 ਠ, 騥 㭪樨:
        char c;
        isupper(c);     /* 㪢 孥 ॣ */
        islower(c);     /* 㪢   ॣ */
        isalpha(c);     /* 㪢                   */
        isdigit(c);     /*                    */
        toupper(c);     /* ८ࠧ  孥 ॣ */
        tolower(c);     /* ८ࠧ    ॣ */
  㫥  祭,  ᫨  ᨬ,  騩   室
㬥⮬,  ਭ  ᮮ⢥饬    (  㪠  
ਨ     饭),     0      ⨢   砥. ,
ᯮ㥬    ।  㭪権,᫥騥:   㪢   孥
ॣ  -⨭᪨  訥  㪢,  A-Z,  ᨬ  0101-0132.
㪢    ॣ  -  ⨭᪨    (,     
ନ, ᪨ 訥),  ᨬ 0141-0172. 㪢 -  㪢
 孥    ॣ.  -  0-9,    060-071.
㭪樨   ८ࠧ   (tolower()       toupper())    
८ࠧ  ᨬ. ८ࠧ  믮  ⮫쪮  
㪢 (⨭᪨).
    ன ਠ, :
    饭  㭪:
        #include <ctype.h> /* 䠩 ம। */
        isupper(c)         /* 㪢 孥 ॣ     */
        islower(c)         /* 㪢  ॣ      */
        isalpha(c)         /* 㪢                       */
        isdigit(c)         /*                        */
        isalnum(c)         /* 㪢               */
        isxdigit(c)        /* ⭠筠      */
        isspace(c)         /* ࠧ⥫                 */
        ispunct(c)         /* ᨬ 㭪樨           */
        isgraph(c)         /*  ᨬ              */
        isprint(c)         /*  ᨬ             */
        iscntrl(c)         /* ࠢ騩 ᨬ          */
        isascii(c)         /* 7- ᨬ ASCII       */
        _toupper(c)        /* ८ࠧ  孥 ॣ    */
        _tolower(c)        /* ८ࠧ    ॣ    */
        toascii(c)         /* ८ࠧ  7-⭮  ASCII */
  isxxxxx()    㫥  祭,   ᫨   ᨬ,
騩 室 㬥⮬,  ਭ  ᮮ⢥饬  
( 㪠  ਨ  饭),   0    ⨢  砥.
,   ⥫쭮   ᯮ㥬      ।   㭪権,
᫥騥: ⭠  -      㪢  a-f    
ॣ.  ࠧ⥫  -  ᨬ  '\t'  ('\011'),  '\n'   ('\012'),
('\013'), '\f' ('\014'), '\r' ('\015'),  "஡"  ('\040').  
㭪樨 - ࠧࠧ ᨬ (  㪢    )
  041-057, 072-0100, 0133-0140, 0173-0176.   ᨬ  -
 㪢,   ᨬ 㭪樨.    ᨬ  -  
ᨬ  ஡. ࠢ騥 ᨬ -   㯮  ᨬ  
 0-010, 016-037  0177. 7- ᨬ ASCII -    ᨬ,
  (  )   0177.   ८ࠧ
_tolower()    _toupper()    ८ࠧ    ᨬ.
८ࠧ 믮 ⮫쪮  㪢,  祬      
  ᯮ짮    㬥⠬,  騬     䥪,
ਬ 
        _toupper(*ptr++);
 ⠪  ਬ 㭪樨 "toupper()"  "tolower()".  
toascii() 頥  㬥,  ८ࠧ    7-  ᨬ
ASCII (. )   ᯮ짮  ࠭祭.
                              - 19 -


        int val;
        abs(val);
頥 ᮫⭮ 祭 ᢮ 㬥.

        int start; /* ⮢ ﭨ */
        srand(start); /*   砩 ᥫ */
        rand();    /* 頥 砩 ᫮ */
 ᫥⥫ 맮 頥 楫 ⥫  ᫠  
      0       2**15,    室騥        ᥢ砩
᫥⥫쭮  2**32. ।  ࠢ୮.  㭪
srand()     맢          樠樨  
२樠樨  ,  ..  ।  ன  窨   
ᥢ砩  ᫥⥫쭮.  ⢨  맮  srand()  
ࢮ ᯮ짮 rand() ࠢᨫ쭮 맮 srand(1).

        char *buffer;   /* 㪠⥫    2-  */
        swabb(buffer);
頥 楫, 祭   ⠢  ⮢  buffer{0}  
buffer{1}. buffer    ஢  ࠭ ᫮.

        int value;
        swabi(value);
頥 楫, 祭  value ⠭  (樥
"swab").

        char *base; /* 砫 ᨢ ⮢ */
        int  nel;   /* ᫮ ⮢ */
        int  width; /*     */
        int (*compar)( ); /* 㭪 ࠢ */
        qsort(base, nel, width, compar); /* ஢ */
ॠ  ன ஢. 㬥: "base" -  㪠⥫
 砫 ᨢ ⮢,   ஢,  "nel"  -  ᫮
⮢, "width" -    ,  "compar"  -  㪠⥫
 㭪 ࠢ. 㭪  ࠢ  㤥  뢠    
㬥⠬  -  㪠⥫ﬨ      ࠢ   .   㭪
ࠢ   楫 , ࠢ       
ᨬ  ⮣, , ࠢ          祬
ன ᮮ⢥⢥.

        int count;     /* ᫮ ᨬ ASCII */
        int *output;    /* 㪠⥫    뢮 */
        char *input;    /* 㪠⥫  室 ப */
        ascr50(count, input, output);
८ࠧ뢠 "count"  ᨬ  ASCII    ப  "input"    
RADIX-50,  뢠 祭  "output"  (    3  室
 砥  ᫮  室). ᫨ "count"  ⭮  ६,
 ᫨ ப  "count", ப  ஡.

        char *buff;    /* 室  */
        int  *r5vec;   /* 室 ᨢ ᫮  RAD50 */
        int  r5cnt;     /* ᫮ ᫮ R50  ८ࠧ */
        r50toa(buff, r5vec, count);
८ࠧ "count" ᫮  ᨢ,   㪠뢠  "r5vec"  
ப ᨬ ASCII,   頥    ᨢ  "buff"  (  3
室 ᨬ      室  ᫮).  ப    "buff"  
蠥  㫥,     ᨬ         孥   ॣ.
"१ࢨ஢" ᨬ    RADIX-50  (035)  㤥  ।⠢
ᨬ '/'.

        int count;      /* ᫮ 㬥⮢ */
        extern int routine(); /*  㭪樨 */
        return_value = call(routine, count, &arg1, ... &argn);
 뢠 㭪樨  䥩ᮬ 몠  FORTRAN-IV,  ਬ
                              - 20 -


㭪樨  ⥬  쥪⭮  ⥪,    ணࠬ    몥
"".  㭪  call(),  ஬  ⮣,   ࠭   ॣ   R2-R5.
"routine" -    ணࠬ  (  㭪樨)    䥩ᮬ  몠
FORTRAN-IV,  "count"  -  ᫮   㬥⮢,   ।   㭪樨
"routine", "arg1" - "argn" -  㬥 (⬥⨬,    ।
  㬥⮢,  ⮬  ।   㬥⮢         
ॣ஢ ६,   ਬ  '&').
**********室  ,    맮  㭪権,   ⢨⥫쭮
ᠭ  , ਢ  ७樨  ᯮ  ⥬
  筮   ᫮   ஡,      ⠭   ࠪ᪨
ࠧ訬묨,  ᫨        㭪   ந   /뢮
।⢠ 몠 FORTRAN-IV. 饭  ᥫ    饩  窮
।ᬮ७.

        long *tloc;
        long
        time(0);
        long
        time(tloc);
㫨 ⥬ 맮 time   UNIX.  頥    楫,
ᮤঠ饥 ᫮ ᥪ㭤, 襤  00:00 ()  1  ﭢ  1970
.  ᫨  㬥  "tloc"  ⫨祭    ,         祭
      "tloc".   UNIX time() 頥 GMT,  
쭮  ६,      - 쭮  ⥬  ६. 
᫥  ६  㤥  ࠡ  ४⭮    ,   
1970 <=  < 2100.

        #include <time.h>
        long *clock; /* 㪠⥫  ६,
                        祭 맮 time() */
        struct tm *
        localtime(clock);
  tm, ᠭ  䠩 "time.h",  ᮮ⢥⢨  
⥬ ६  ଠ  UNIX, 祭,  ਬ,  맮
time(),    頥  㪠⥫      .   頥
㭪樥 祭 㪠뢠    ᪨  ,    
१뢠   맮 㭪樨.

        #include <setjmp.h>
        jmpbuf env;
        int val;
        int setjmp(env);
        int longjmp(env,val);  /* 믮 쭮 goto */
ᯮ,  ᭮,  ࠡ⪨ 訡  ᮡ⨩, 
  㡮    㭪.    ⮬  㤮    
楯窥 㭪権  "ᮡ" 祭,  ⢥  㤮  
 믮 אַ 室 ()    㭪,  
-   砫  楯窨  맮.    ⠪  室  
।⠢ 㭪樨 setjmp()  longjmp(). setjmp(env)   
᪮  "env"  ଠ    ⥪饩  窥  ணࠬ  
頥 0.  㭪  longjmp(env,  val),  맢  ᫥  맮
setjmp(env), 맢   㣮, 㡮   㭪樨,
⠭ ଠ  ﭨ,  setjmp().  ⮬
믮 ணࠬ த  (-)        㭪樨
setjmp(),  頥  祭  ࠢ  "val",  ⠭  
맮 longjmp()   ࠢ 0. (᫨ val == 0,    頥  1).
 ࠢ,  㭪樨 ᯮ ⠪:
        if(i = setjmp(env)) {
                /* ⢨, 믮塞  longjmp() */
        }

                              - 21 -


        else {
                /* ⢨, 믮塞 ᫥ 砫쭮
                   ⠭ 窨  맮 setjmp().
                    ࠢ ⢨, ਢ騥 
                   맮 楯窨  㭪権,  
                   ᯮ longjmp(). */
        }
        .....................
                longjmp(env, 1); /*   㭪樨 */
        .....................
 饭   longjmp()      ᪨  ६
࠭ 祭,    ।⢥  ।  맮
longjmp(), ॣ஢ ६  祭,     
। 맮 setjmp(),   ⮬᪨  ()  ६  -
祭,    । 맮   㭪樨  㭪樨,
த襩  楯  맮,    ன    믮  longjmp().
室  ⬥,    맮  longjmp(env,  val)      env,   
⠭ setjmp(env) ਢ  ।᪠㥬 १⠬.  
 ந, ᫨ 㭪, 믮  ᫥ ࠧ  setjmp(env)
  맮 longjmp(env, val)  ⨢, ..  室  
 楯窥 㭪権, 맢 믮 longjmp() 㭪.

      exit();
      int stat; /*  襭 */
      exits(stat);
      extern int $$exst;/* 䠪᪨  襭  exit() */
⢫  室    ணࠬ    "".    ⮬  믮
᫥騥  ⢨      㪠   浪:   뢠   㭪
"wrapup()" ( ᠭ 짮⥫,    ).  뢮
(᫨ 室) ⨪ 믮  ("䨫")  ணࠬ  (.
"।⢠ ⫠". "$$prof").  뢠    䠩.  믮
䠪᪨  室         (.EXIT).   뢠   exits()   
㬥⮬, ணࠬ  ।   襭  樮
⥬.  祭 㬥 ⠪:
        1 - success      (ଠ쭮)
        2 - warning      (砭)
        4 - error        (訡)
        8 - severe error (㡠 訡)
맮 exit() ⥭  exits(1).  ⨬  ⠪,    ணࠬ
      襭   ।⢥      
६ $$exst    exit():

        extern int $$exst;
        ...
        $$exst = 4;
        exit();
᫨ 㭪 main() 蠥, ࠢᨫ쭮  믮    
 exit().

        wrapup();
(  ਠ   祣) 뢠   襭
ணࠬ - 믮 㭪樨  exit(),  맢      
(ਬ, १ error()   襭 㭪樨 main()).   
⮬,   짮⥫      ᮡ⢥  㭪,
  ਠ,       믮  
⢨  襭 ணࠬ    ""  뢠  ⮫쪮  
ࠧ, .. ᫨ 㭪  wrapup()  ᠬ  믮  exit(),    
맮 wrapup()  㤥.

        int mytr4();     /* 㭪 ࠡ. trap to 4  */
        int mytr10();    /* 㭪 ࠡ. trap to 10 */
        $set4 (mytr4);   /* 墠 trap to 4  */
        $set4 (0);       /* 饭 ⠭⭮ ॠ樨 */
                              - 22 -


        $set10(mytr10);  /* 墠 trap to 10 */
        $set10(0);       /* 饭 ⠭⭮ ॠ樨 */
㦠  墠  ᮡ⢥ ࠡ⪨ 뢠  ࠬ 4
(⨬   .)    10  (⨬  ).  ᫥
믮  "$set4(mytr4)"    뢠        4   㤥
뢠  㭪  "mytr4()",  ᠭ  짮⥫.   㭪
"mytr4()"   ᠭ  "" ( ᫥ "࠭  ॣ
R2-R5")     ६ 㬥⠬ ⨯  int.  ਬ,
 ᠭ

        mytr4(r0, r1, pc, psw)
        int r0, r1, pc, psw;
        {
        ............
        }
    r0 - 祭 ॣ R0  뢠, 
    r1 - 祭 ॣ R1  뢠, 
    pc - 稪  ᫥ 뢠, 
    psw - ᫮ ﭨ .
  ᫨ 㭪 mytr4()    㬥,        
뢠  ᯮ짮  祭.
  ᫨ 㭪 mytr4()  1,    믮  ணࠬ  㤥
த  (    -  ᫨  뢠   ந諮   
᫮ 樨,   室 ᪮४஢ PC  
ଠ쭮 த ࠡ).
   ᫨ mytr4()  0,  㤥 믮  ⠭⭠  ॠ
  뢠.      饭   ⠭⭮   ॠ樨   ⥬
室 맢 㭪   㫥  㬥⮬.  㭪  $set10()
ࠡ⠥   筮  $set4(),  ⮫쪮    뢠  
 10. ᯮ짮 㣨 ᯮᮡ 墠 뢠  
 ࠡ ஢ EIS  FPU.

        char *fmt; /* ଠ ᮮ饭 */
        error(fmt, arg1, ... , argn);
蠥 ணࠬ, 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨  㪠 浪:
뢮 ᮮ饭  訡,  ଠ⮬  "fmt"    㬥⠬
"arg1 ... argn" (. ᠭ 㭪樨 printf())  stderr.
 -᫨ ᯮ ।⢠ ⫠,  stderr 뢮   맮
(. calltr());
 -믮  室    ணࠬ  맮  exit(),  祬  
襭 (. exit()) ⠭  "error".

        char *fmt; /* ଠ ᮮ饭 */
        errmsg(fmt, arg1, ... ,argn);
뢮 ப,  ଠ⮬ "fmt"  㬥⠬  stderr. ᫥
ᮮ饭  stderr 뢮 '\n'.  errmsg()  祣    頥.
perror, errtxt  -  뢥  ()  稭  訡  饭  
㭪樨:

        char *umsg; /* ⥫쭮 ᮮ饭 */
        perror(umsg); /* 뢮 ᮮ饭  stderr */
        char *
        errtxt();     /*  㪠⥫  ᮮ饭 */
 訡  㭪樨, ࠡ騥  䠩,    ⠪  
㭪樨, ࠡ騥  ᫠  饩 ⮩ (double)   ⮫쪮
⬥ 䠪  訡,       ⥫
ଠ    .    ଠ  頥  १  
६ "$$ferr" ( ६  ୠ⨢   "errno"
  ᮢ⨬      UNIX)      讣  ⥫쭮
楫, 祬 0 砥 ⢨ 訡.

       0   "NO ERROR"
E_ILF  2   "ILLEGAL FILE NAME"
                              - 23 -


E_NOR  4   "NO ROOM FOR USER ON DEVICE"
E_FNF  5   "FILE NOT FOUND"
E_NOD  6   "NO A VALID DEVICE"
E_ILU  7   "I/O CHANNEL IN USE"
E_NOO  9   "I/O CHANNEL NOT OPEN"
E_EOF  11  "END OF FILE ON DEVICE"
E_FAT  12  "FATAL SYSTEM I/O FAILURE"
E_ERR  13  "USER DATA ERROR ON DEVICE"
E_FND  15  "FILE ALREADY FOUND (PROTECTED)"
E_NOC  17  "NO FREE I/O CHANNELS"
E_NSP  32  "NO MEMORY SPACE LEFT"
E_DOM  33  "ILLEGAL ARGUMENT"
E_RAN  34  "FLOATING OVERFLOW/UNDERFLOW"
-----  ??  "UNINDENTIFY ERROR"

      訡    ஢   ।⢥,      䠩
"ERRNO.H" ᮤঠ    ,        
㭪権   ᮮ饭  ⥪⮢ .  㭪  errtxt()
頥 㪠⥫  ப, ᮤঠ ᮮ饭   訡,  
ன ᠭ  $$ferr. 㭪 perror() 뢮   stderr  ப,
 㬥⮬, 稥, ஡, ᮮ饭  訡    '\N',
..,  䠪᪨  믮  fprintf(stderr,   "%s:   %s\n",   umsg,
errtxt()); 㭪 perror() 祣  頥.

          1.5.  

      ⫠  ணࠬ,   ᠭ      몥   "",   
ᯮ짮  ⠭⭠  孨  ⫠:   ⫠筠   ,
⫠稪 ODT  . ஬ ⮣,  ⥫  㭪権,
          ,        砥
⮬᪨, ᫨  ࠭樨          (䠩)
ணࠬ    '-P'          㭪    ⠪
 뫠 맢.  ஡ ଠ   ।⢠  ⫠
. "㪮⢮ ணࠬ. ⥪. ।⢠ ⫠".

        #include <stdio.h>
        extern file  *$$flow;
        $$flow = fopen("trace.out", "w");
     /* 
        $$flow = stderr;
         뢮 ஢  ନ */
        $$flow = null; /* ४饭 ஢ */
 ஢ 뢠  室   㭪    䠩,
࠭᫨஢  箬 '-P'.   㫥  믮  ஢ઠ  
९ ⥪ - 믮 ணࠬ 뢠  ⨪
        ?io-trace-stack below 600 octal
E᫨ 㪠⥫ ⥪   0600. ஬ ⮣, ᫨ ॡ,
믮 ஢: ᫨ $$flow 㪠뢠   ਯ  䠩,
  맢  㭪樨,        맢  㭪  
祭 R5 - 㪠⥫ 쭮 । - 뢮  㪠  䠩
  㭪権, ࠭᫨஢    箬  '-P'.  ଠ  뢮
᫥騩:
        fun_name<tab>caller<tab>environment 
, fun_name    -  맢 㭪樨 ( ASCII),
     caller      -       (쬥)       맢 
                   ணࠬ,
     environment - 㪠⥫ (쬥) 쭮 । 맢
                   㭪樨 (R5). ଠ 뢮    
                   '\n' ।    ᫥    ப.    ࢮ
                   맮  ஢  ⠭  
                   "traps" (.  )    ᮡ⢥  ⨪
                   ਩  뢠   ணࠬ      砥
                   "䨫" (. $$prof() ).
                              - 24 -


     traps       - 墠     ⨪   ਩   ᨭ஭ 
                   뢠       traps    墠뢠    
                     ਩   ᨭ஭   뢠
                   ணࠬ ( ࠬ 4, 10, 14,  20,  34,  250).
                    뢠 ᭠砫 ।⢥  ନ 
                   뢮 ⨪   ॣ஢, ᫥ 祣
                   뢠   error().   ⨪,    뤠
                   㫥 traps,  ᫥騥  (㪠  ॢ  ,  
                   ᪮, 쬥筮 祭  
                   뢠):
    ?CC-F-Odd or nonexistent address trap
        뢠  饬  ⨬  (4)
    ?CC-F-Illegal instruction
        뢠  ⨬ 樨 (10)
    ?CC-F-BPT trap or C run-time library error
        BPT 뢠  --  ,  訡  ᯮ짮  㭪権
        ⥪ 몠 "" (14)
    ?CC-F-Illegal IOT
        ⨬ IOT 뢠 (20)
    ?CC-F-TRAP trap or FORTRAN error signal
        TRAP  뢠  --  ,  ᨣ  訡,   뤠
        㭪ﬨ, ᠭ묨  몥 FORTRAN (34)
    ?CC-F-Memory protect violation
        뢠  襭   ( ᯥ  ) 
        (250)  traps 砥, ᫨ ணࠬ ࠭᫨ 
        箬 '-P',  ⠪     ᯮ짮  ஢  EIS   
        () FPU  () 㭪権 $set4()  $set10().

        $$prof();
        extern char     *$$pfil;
        extern int      $$prnl;
 뢠  ଠ쭮  ਩ 室  ணࠬ, 
ன 뫨 ᯮ짮 㭪樨, ࠭᫨஢   箬  '-P'.
 믮 㭪樨 $$prof() 뢠  䠩,      ண
㪠뢠 $$pfil.  㬮砭  ⮣ 䠩  "PROFIL.OUT",  
    ᢠ:  ਬ,    ⮣,  ⮡
뢥 "䨫"  ନ, 室 믮
        $$pfil = "tt:";
  䠩 뢮 "䨫"  믮  ணࠬ  --    
㭪権, ࠭᫨஢  箬 '-P', 뢮   㭪樨  
⢮    맮     ६   믮   ணࠬ.   뢮
믮  ଠ "%8s  %6u",    㬮砭      ப
뢮 (१ ஡) ଠ      㭪.    ᫮
  ,  믮    ᢠ  ६   $$prnl.
ਬ,  믮
        $$prnl = 0;
  ப 室 䠩 㤥 뢥 ଠ  ⮫쪮  
 㭪樨,  㤮  ஢.

        abort();
᫥    /뢮 (㭪樥 $$cl16()) ਩
蠥 ணࠬ  樨 BPT.  ࠡ    ⫠稪  ODT
ࠢ 㤥 । ⫠稪.

        $$bpt();
뢠  ணࠬ  믮  樨  BPT.     ࠡ   
⫠稪 ODT ࠢ 㤥 । ⫠稪.

        char *message; /* ப ᮮ饭 */
        msg(message);  /* 뢥 ᮮ饭  ନ */
뢮 㪠 ப  ନ.  msg()    ᯮ  㭪樨
⥪ /뢮 (뢮 ⢫  .PRINT).

                              - 25 -


        char *
        caller();
頥 㪠⥫    (  ASCII)  㭪樨,  맢襩  ⥪
㭪  (..       㭪樨,   맢襩   㭪,   맢
caller()).    砥,  ᫨  맢  (⥪  㭪)   㭪
᪮஢  㪠    'P',  頥  㪠⥫  
 ப. ᫨ 㭪 caller() 맢   㭪樨  main(),  
 頥 㪠⥫  ப "$$init".

        file *outf;
        calltr(outf);
뢮  䠩 "outf"  맮 (᫥⥫쭮    㭪権,
室  楯窥 맮) 稭  㭪樨 main().    맮
⠥  ᫥饬 :
        [ main sub1 sub2 ]
᫥   맮 㪠  㭪樨, 맢襩 calltr(). ᫨
㭪, 室  楯窥 맮, ᪮஢    㪠
 'P',  㤥  ⮡ࠦ      맮    <NNNNN>,  
"NNNNN" - 쬥  室    㭪.  ᫨  㭪,
    楯窥  맮,    ᯮ  ⠭    ""
㭪樨 ࠭  ⠭  ॣ஢  (csv$()    cret$()),
.. ᠭ  MACRO   AS ⠭  (  "")  ࠧ,
 ᫨  㭪   "R5",     㤥   
 맮,  ⨢ 砥 १ ।᪠㥬  (⭥
ᥣ  뢠  ணࠬ     ⨬   ).   㭪
calltr() 뢠 ( stderr  ⢥ 㬥), ᫨  ணࠬ,
᪮஢   箬  'P',  蠥  ਩    맮
㭪樨 error().

        char *start;    /* 砫  */
        char *end;      /*   */
        memdmp(start, end); /* 뢮  */
        regdmp();       /*  ॣ஢ */
    memdmp() 뢮 ।⢥   ନ  (  .PRINT)  
(ᬥ筮 ᮤন)    "start"  "end"  (筥,
"start"  "end" 㣫  ᥫ,  0100, "start"  ,  
"end" ). ᫨ "start" ࠢ 0,  ⠥  ⥪  稭
         맮  memdmp()        室
 (室    042 祩).
   regdmp() 뢮 ।⢥  ନ  ॣ஢.























                              - 26 -


          2.   

     ""   몮, ਥ஢    ᫨⥫
,  ,        ᮪  ஢,       
᫥  ⠭  ⥬᪨  㭪権.    㭪樨   (
᪫祭 floor()    ceil())    १  ⨯  double,
㬥⠬  㭪権   稭  ⨯ double,  ⠪  
float.
     ⠭⭮ 䠩 ।  <math.h>  ᠭ  (  double)
㭪樨  ,  ⠪ । ( #define)   "HUGE"
 ᨬ쭮 ⢥ ᫮, ।⠢      設
(  1.7e38),   "LOGHUGE"    ᨬ  冷  (39).
 㭪樨    訡 १ errno ($$ferr).

        double  x;
        double  fabs(x);
᮫⭮ 祭 x.
        double  x;
        floor(x);
襥 楫,  ॢ室饥 x.
        double  x;
        ceil(x);
襥 楫, ॢ室饥 x.
        double  x, *fp;
        double  modf(x, *fp);
⥫ ஡  ᫠ "wel"   楫   
fp. 㭪 室  CXLIB.
        double  x;
        double exp(x);
ᯮ樠쭠 㭪  x. ᫨  祭  㭪樨    HUGE,
頥 HUGE  ⠭ 訡 "E_RAN".
        double x;
        double log(x), log10(x);
 x - ࠫ쭮  筮 ᮮ⢥⢥. ᫨ 㬥
ࠢ    ,    㭪樨    0    ⠭
訡 "E_DOM".
        double  x;
        double sqrt(x);
   x. 訡   log.
        double  x, y;
        double  pow(x, y);
x  ⥯ y. 訡  exp. ᫨ x    y   楫,  
᫨ x  y ࠢ 0, 頥 0  ⠭ 訡 E_DOM.
        double  x, y;
        double  hypot(x, y);
䥪⨢    筮    sqrt(x*x  +  y*y)  (..,  ਬ,
⥭ 㣮쭨   ⠬).  ஫  ९  
ந.
        typedef struct {
                double  re; /* .  */
                double  im; /*     */
        } complex;
        complex z;
        double  cabs(z);
᮫⭮ 祭 ᭮ ᫠ (।,    
), .. sqrt(re*re+im*im). ᯮ hypot().
        double fi;          /* 㣮  ࠤ */
        double
        sin(fi), cos(fi),tan(fi);
ᨭ, ᨭ, ⠭. ᫨  稭  ⠭  ॢ室  HUGE,
頥 HUGE  ⠭ 訡 E_RAN.
        double  x;
᫨ 㬥  ᮫⭮ 稭  1, 㭪樨  0 
                              - 27 -


⠭ 訡 E_DOM.  १ atan().
        double  x, y;
        double  atan(x);
        double  atan2(y, x);
atan()  -  ⠭  x.  稭  १       
[-PI/2..PI/2].
atan2() - ⠭  y/x.  稭  १      
[-PI..PI]    ࠭  (᫨    y    x  ᮮ.
न⠬).

sinh, cosh - ࡮᪨ ᨭ   ᨭ    ९  
 HUGE/2  ⠭ 訡 E_RAN.
        double  x;
        double  tanh(x);
  (>21.) ᮫ 祭 㬥 tanh() == sign.
        double  x;
        int     n;
        double  j0(x), j1(x), jn(n, x);
        double  y0(x), y1(x), yn(n, x);
j0(), j1(), jn()  祭  㭪権  ᥫ  ࢮ  த
浪 0, 1  n. 祭  㭪権  ।      祭
㬥,  訡  .  j0()    j1()  ᯮ   sin(),   cos(),
sqrt().㭪 jn() ᯮ j0()  j1().

y0(), y1(), yn()  祭  㭪権  ᥫ  ண  த
浪  0,  1    n.  祭  㭪権   ।   ⮫쪮   
⥫ 祭 㬥 -- ᫨ x <= 0,   -HUGE  
⠭ 訡 E_DOM. y0() I y1()  ᯮ  log()    ᮮ.
㭪樨 j?().yn() ᯮ y0()  y1().
        double  wel;
        int     *eptr;
        double  frexp(wel, eptr);
頥 m- ᫠ wel (m < 1.) 뢠     eprt
楫 p, ⠪,  wel == m * 2**p. 室  CXLIB.
        double  wel;
        int     p;
        double  ldexp(wel, p);
頥 wel * (2**p). 室  CXLIB.

























                              - 28 -


       3.   CGLIB.OBJ  -3. 

 ⥪ ᠭ 㤣த᪨  ਥ    碥  饭
 ..  ஠ᥬ (⥪ MGLIB).
    ᠭ ⠢  ..
Last correction : Date 10/03/90  Time 00:01:48

      祭    ⥪      ॡ     
ணࠬ ᫥ ப:
    #include <grafic.h>
     ᠬ   䠩  ம।,    ஬  
᫥騥 樨:
    grafon; /* 祭 ࠭ */
    grafoff; /* 몫祭 ࠭ */
    alphaon; /* 祭 ᨬ.࠭ */
    alphaoff; /* 몫祭 ---//---- */

    ஬ ⮣,    쭠 ६ int  color;  
᫥騥 ⠭:
    XMAX=399
    YMAX=285
      ।  ⨯  ᮢ    ᪨  ਬ⨢  
ਭ ᫥騥 祭:
    cmlor=black;     /*   */
    color=white;     /*  */
    color=invers;    /* ᨥ */
    color=readcolor; /*   ,  믮  
                        ⢨.    ᯮ        祭 
                        ଠ樨  ⢨⥫쭮  梥  窨   
                        ࠭ */

 ᥣ ࠭ ந 楤ன:
    erase(cwet);     /* cwet ਭ 祭 white,black,invers */

맮 楤 "窠":
    plot(x,y);       /*    न⠬ 0<x<XMAX,0<y<YMAX
                        ᫨   न  ⨬ ।, 
                        窠  ᢥ*/

    color=readcolor; /* 㭪 plot 頥 祭 梥 */
    color1=plot(x,y);/* .窨 white  black */

맮 楤 "":
    line(x0,y0,x1,y1);

஬ ⮣,  뢠 ⥫쭮  :
    horlin(y,x0,x1);
    verlin(x,y0,y1);

맮 楤 "ࠬ"  "騪" -    ࠢ:
    box(x0,y0,x1,y1,wide);
/*  x0,y0,x1,y1 - न   ⨢ 㣫, wide
-  ਭ  ࠬ  (    㪠  न),  祬  wide=0
砥  ᥣ אַ㣮쭨 */

    circle(x,y,radius);
                     /* 㦭  業஬ x,y  ࠤᮬ radius */
    /*    ࠡ    ᨬ.  &x,&y    
न   㣫  ᨬ.  न  x  ᫥  맮
ᨬ     ਭ  (    ⭮    x  
ଠ ᨬ).*/

    symsml(&x,&y,codesym); 
                              - 29 -


/*  ᨬ  न⠬   㣫   㪠
x,y    3*5. , 騥  ⠪  ଠ,    
5*5.  ᨬ-   0  63.  .  䠩 SYMSML.GPR*/

    symbol(&x,&y,codesym,length,hight);
/*ᨬ  IBM PC 8*8   ᮮ⢥饩 ⭮ 
⨪   ਧ⠫. ⥫ 祭 ⭮ ਢ
 ઠ쭮 ⮡ࠦ ᨬ ⭮⥫쭮  ᮮ⢥饩  .
㫥  祭         ⭮   砥   ᮢ
ᨬ  ⥬  ࠬࠬ.  襥 ६ 㤥  
쭠 ६:*/

    extern int angle;
/*  㤥 㪠뢠 ࠢ /  ᨬ:
   0 - ⠭⭮ ,  .
   1-7 㣮   ᮢ ५  PI/4*angle.*/















































                              - 30 -


       4.     RT11 

        #include <rtio.h>
        char *name; /*  䠩  ASCII */
        char *dext; /* ७  㬮砭 */
        dblk db; /*  ன⢠ - 4 ᫮  RAD50 */
        atodbl(name,dext,&db); 
८ࠧ  䠩  4 ᫮ RAD50, ࠧ饭     ⨯
dblk. 頥 1, ᫨ ८ࠧ 諮 ᯥ譮,  0, ᫨ 
䠩 ⨬.

        #include <match.h>
        char *arg;      /* 室  䠩 */
        filename *buff; /*   ࠧ࠭  */
        i=breakout(arg,buff);
ࠧࠥ  䠩    arg  ("filnam.ext")    "filnam"    "ext",
 頥      ⨯  filename  (ᠭ   match.h).
頥  "TRUE",  ᫨   㤠筮   ࠧࠫ,      "FALSE",   ᫨
⨬ .

        int sysdat;
        char *buff;
        good=dattoa(sysdat,buff);
८ࠧ ⥬   ଠ RT11  (  ᫮,    14-10
   (1-12.),  9-5    (1-31.),  4-0    (-72.)  )  
ᨬ ப  DD-MMM-YY  (.  06-JAN-85)      
ப  buff. 頥:
        1 -  ଠ쭮
        0 - ⨬ 

        #include <rtio.h>
        dblk *db;   /* 㪠⥫   ன⢠ */
        char *buff; /*   ਥ ப */
        dbltoa(db,buff);
⭠ atodbl

        #include <stdio.h>
        FILE *iop;
        char *name; /* 㯯  䠩 */
        char *mode; /* ⮤  */
        iop=fwild(name,mode);
        iop=fnext(iop);
뢠  *iop  㯯  䠩,    name.
㯯     [DEV:]FILNAM.EXT, 祬   FILNAM
 EXT ஬  ᨬ  ᮤঠ ᯥᨬ "*",  "?"  
"%".

"*"    ( ) ,   ".",    "?"
("%"  ᨭ  "?")    ⮩  ᨬ
(  ".").

mode - ⮤ . ⨬ ⮫쪮 "r",  ਡ⠬ "u"    "n".

᫨ ⨥  㯯  䠩  諮   ᯥ譮,  fwild()  頥
㪠⥫   ⨯ FILE,  0      訡    $$ferr.
    㤠筮  ⨨  饭      易  
 䠩 (..  樨  ।  饭).  ᪮
⨥ 䠩 ந  fnext().
fnext()  뢠  ᫥騩  䠩,      ண   㤮⢮
㯯 , 뢠 ।騩, ᫨   .    ⮬  砥
頥 㪠⥫    .  ᫨    (  )
室 䠩 ,  頥 0,   $$ferr==0.  ᫨  
訡,  ⮦  0,   ⮬ $$FERR ᮤন  訡.
                              - 31 -


E᫨ fnext() ⨫ 0,   *iop ᢮  -  fclose()
 ॡ- . ஬ ⮣,       fclose(iop)  -
 ᢮ *iop  ४饭 ࠡ   㯯 䠩.

        char   *name;
        char    *pattern;
        i=match(name,pattern);
ࠢ  䠩 (name)     FILNAM.EXT    㯯  
䠩 (pattren). 頥 "TRUE" (1) ᫨   䠩  ᮮ⢥
㯯 ,  "FALSE" (0), ᫨ .

        char *name;
        char *pattern;
        i=match1(name,pattern);
ࠢ ᨬ ப  ⥫ (pattern). 頥  TRUE
(1) ᫨ 室  ⥫,  FALSE (0), ᫨  室.

        #include <rtio.h>
        int *rtdir; /* 㪠⥫  
                       ᠭ ⥪饣 ﭨ */
        int devnam; /*  ன⢠ ( rad50) */
        rtdir=diropen(devnam);
        nfile nfp; /* , १ 
                      頥 ଠ  䠩 */
        i=dirnext(rtdir,&nfp);
  diropen(devnam)  뢠  ⠫  ன⢠   אַ   㯠
ଠ  RT11,  १ࢨ           ᠭ   
頥 㪠⥫  .   砥  訡  頥  0    
訡  $$FERR.
  dirnext(rtdir,&nfl) 頥 ଠ    ᫥饬  ﭭ
䠩  ⠫,  (⠫)    diropen().

rtdir -  , 饭 diropen().
nfl -  ⨯ nfile (।  rtio.h):

頥:
        1 - ଠ  ᫥饬 䠩 饭  nfile.
        0 - ⠫ ௠  訡. . $$FERR - ⠬   訡
            (0  ᯥ譮 砭)
























                              - 32 -


      5.  .  .

     몠 "" (ᯮ㥬 ஬ ᥬ   
⠥ 室騬  )  㭪樮஢   ࠢ
 ஢  RT11.  ࠡ  ணࠬ ᮬ    ,
ࠡ饩  ࠢ   ஢    RT11,  室
  41  ⨢      610    ᪮
࠭⢠      ࠧ饭   㧮   䠩   ,
⠭  䠩  ᠭ    쥪  䠩  ⥪   (.
ਫ 3). 室 ⬥,    ணࠬ,  祭  
    ணࠬ  ,      믮   
ࠢ      ஢    RT11,       ᯮ짮
⥪ ⮭ প  ⮭,     樮
⥬.

          5.1.   

,       ணࠬ  (⠥,    ⥪
ࠬ   㦥   ⮢).      稭      맮
 (CC.SAV)  ।      ப,  뢠饩
室  䠩,  ,  ,  室  䠩    ,   騥
⢨, ॡ㥬   .        ࠡ
ᮧ  쥪  䠩,    ।  믮    
᪮    ⥪,  ,   ,   㣨   쥪묨
䠩.  ண ⠪:   ᮧ  䠩    ᥬ
(  ᥬ ⫨砥    MACRO-11    宦    
ᥬ  "UNIX"). ᥬ (AS.SAV) ࠡ뢠    䠩  
ᮧ 쥪 䠩   ଠ    RT11.  ᥬ  ᪠
᫥  ⮬᪨ (᫨      ப    
㪠     ⭮).           믮      ⥬
ணࠬ-騪.

᫥  ணࠬ   饭    "RUN"  
"R".  饭  ணࠬ    (᫨        ⬥)
 ப,᫥  ன  ᯮ  ⥬  㫨
⮢  ⢨      "SHELL"      UNIX,   
७ࠢ ⠭⭮ /뢮 (. ).

 ᪠ 
  RUN DEV:CC

। ᪮  室 ᢮ ᪮    "C:"
ன,  ஬  ࠧ饭  ᥬ  (AS.SAV)    ⠭
䠩 ᠭ (䠩  ७ ".H",  ᫥  ᪠  
뢮  ᪠  "#  "               ப.

 ப   

[-CEFJKLMNPRSTXZ] [-IDEV] [-DSYM[=VAL]] [-USYM] [-O OUTFILE] INFILE

,    ᪮  ࠭稢,    筮,  易⥫
㬥.  ,  ப ⮨ :  易⥫
祩    祭;  窥  祩    ।⢮   
஡  ᨬ   '-'.         ᪮쪮   祪   祩.
易⥫  祩    祭ﬨ.   祭      (窠
ᨬ)  ᫥   箬    ஡.  易⥫쭮
 । 室  䠩  ('O')    ᯥ䨪樨  室
䠩 ( ᫥饬 㬥). 易⥫쭮    室  䠩.
㬥   ப ࠧ ஡    ⠡ﬨ,
冷 ⮢   ப 祭.    祭ﬨ
  'O'  室    祩 (   祭ﬨ
-  ⮫쪮  ᫥).    室  䠩  (INFILE)    
ଠ CSI, ⨯  㬮砭 .C ( .S    ६  稨
                              - 33 -


祩 'M'  'C', .  ).      室  䠩    
㪠 .   ᯮ   ⨨  ஬  
室 䠩, . "஡ ஬ 䠩".    
 ப ⮫쪮  室  䠩    ࠭樨  
믮  ⠤  ९  (CPP),    (C0,   C1)   
ᥬ (AS). 室 䠩 㤥 ᮧ    ன⢥  "DK:"  
 室 䠩  ⨯ ".OBJ".

 ਬ  ப:

 MYPROG - 믮 ࠭ 䠩 MYPROG.C  䠩 MYPROG.OBJ.

 -LXTO RK3:BBB
 - 믮  ࠭  䠩  DK:BBB.C     䠩   RK3:BBB.OBJ   
⨬樥  ('X'),  뤠祩   ⨪   ⨬   ('T')   
ᮮ饭ﬨ  砭 室 ('L').

 -LX BBB -O RK3:-T  ,    饬  ਬ,      㣨
ᯮ 祩 -    ᯮ  祩
   ப.      祩    筨  ⢨,
ॡ㥬  ࠭樨:

 C -  ⠤  (  ⠤  ९  
     ᥬ).
 E - ᫨  (  室 䠩)   뫠  㪠  ,  
      ஬ 䠩 (  室, ᫨   室
     䠩   㪠) ᯮ  "[-1]". .  "஡
     ஬ 䠩".
 F - ਢ   祭  (  )    㧮  
       FPU. . " FPU".
 J -  祭  FPU  㧮 .
 K -  樠 FPU.
 L - 砥  ᮮ饭  砭  ⠤ 樨.
     ᮮ饭   "XX COMPLETE",  XX -  ⠤:
  CPP - ⠤ ९
  C0  -  室 ⠤ 
  C1  - ன 室 ⠤ 
  C2  - ⠤ ⨬
  AS  - ⠤ ᥬ
 
 M -  ⠤ ९.
 N - 頥 ࠭ ஬ 䠩.
 P - ਢ  祭    㥬    ,  
       ⥫  ଠ    ࠡ  ணࠬ.   
       ⫠  業 ந⥫쭮.  .  "।⢠
     ⫠".
 R - ࠧ蠥 ४  ९.
 S -  ⠤ ᥬ.
 T - 砥  뤠  ⨪  ⨬  (C2).     
     ⮫쪮 ᮢ⭮  箬 '-X'. . .
 X - 砥 ⠤ ⨬ (C2). . "⨬".
 Z -  祭 㭪権 ଠ⭮ 뢮 ᥫ   饩
     ⮩  㧮       IDEV  -  砥
     ன⢮ "DEV:"  ᫮  ன,      ९
     ந  䠩, 㪠  ⢥ 㬥 -
 "#include".    ந⢠      ᮤঠ  ':', ਬ
"-IRK1".  ᪥ 䠩, 㪠   "#include",  ᫥⥫쭮
ᬠਢ ன⢠  ᫥饬 ᯨ: #include "file"  -
ன⢠ SR:, 㤠  ⥪騩 室 䠩. ⥬  -  SR:=DEV:
#include  <file>     ன⢠   SR:=C:.
                              - 34 -


DSYM DSYM=VAL -  砥  ᨬ  "SYM"    ᫮  ।  (
"#define")    ९  ᨬ;  ᨬ   砥   祭
(⥪⮢) VAL. ᫨  "=VAL" ,   1.  USYM  -
⬥    ९  ।   ।।   ᨬ
"SYM".
  ९ 뢠  ।।  ᨬ: 
rt11  pdp11  1. ᫨     ᨬ     D    U
६,  ᨬ 㤥  ।.  O  OUTFILE  -  
   室 䠩.  㬮砭 DK:  室   ⨯
 ᨬ    祩:  '+'  砥  ⢨  ,  '-'
- ⢨, 'x' - ࠧ筮:
   +-------------------+
   !  ! ⨯       !
   +-----------+ .  !
   ! M ! C ! S ! 䠩 !
   +---+---+---+-------+
   ! X ! X ! - ! .OBJ  !
   +---+---+---+-------+
   ! X ! - ! + ! .S    !
   +---+---+---+-------+
   ! - ! + ! + ! .I    !
   +---+---+---+-------+

室  ⬥,    ᫨         室   䠩
ᨭ⠪᪨  ୮,       室   䠩   
(ਬ, 㪠  饥  ன⢮    ᫨誮  
),  訡  㤥 䨪஢  ⮫쪮    ᫥
⠤ 樨, .. ⮣,    㤥  䠪᪨  믮
⨥ 室 䠩.

          5.2.     

  ணࠬ    ᯮ  ஬  䠩   
P।  ଠ樨    ⠤ﬨ        室   ⠤
.        樮쭮   ᯮ짮   ᪮
࠭⢠ ।ਭ ᫥騥 :

      -  ६  뢠    뢮  ⮫쪮  
䠩 (஬  室);
      -   㪠 ன⢮    ࠧ饭  ஬
䠩 ⥬ 祭 ᪨  "WF:"  "TMP:"
(  ⠡  '-'  砥,      ।, '+' - ।,
'X' - ࠧ筮).
  +--------------------------------+
  ! ᪨   ! ன⢮ !
  +-------------------+  ६.  !
  !   TMP:  !    WF:  ! 䠩     !
  +---------+---------+------------+
  !    -    !    -    !     DK:    !
  +---------+---------+------------+
  !    -    !    +    !     WF:    !
  +---------+---------+------------+
  !    +    !    X    !    TMP:    !
  +---------+---------+------------+
 ᪨ , 믮    㭪樨,    
ᮮ⢥⢨ ᮣ襭   ன⢠  ६  䠩  
 UNIX (.  "TMP:"), ⠪   RT11 (.   "WF:").  
 㪠  ࠭⢠, ஥ 㤥 १ࢨ஢  
⨨  ஬  室 䠩:    ࠭⢠,
१ࢨ㥬  ⨨ ஬ 䠩,   ।
 㪠   ᯥ䨪樨  室  䠩      
 '-';  ࠭⢠, १ࢨ㥬   室  䠩,
 ⥫쭮 ॣ㫨஢   㪠    室
                              - 35 -


䠩. ᫨     㪠      ᯥ䨪樨  室
䠩,   '-',     ஬  䠩  뢠  
㪠 . ᫨   㪠    室  䠩,  
  ᯮ  ⨨  ஬  䠩.  ᫨
  㪠      ᯥ䨪樨   室   䠩      
  '-',        ஬  䠩
ᯮ  [-1] (..  १ࢨ  ᨬ쭮  
࠭⢮).   稨    㪠      ᯥ䨪樨
室 䠩   -  .  ᫨  ᯥ䨪  室
䠩      ᯥ䨪樨  室  䠩  
,   ⨨ 室 䠩 ᯮ   ,  
  ⨨ ஬ 䠩,  ⨢ 砥  ᯮ
㪠  .  筮  ஬  䠩       
ᯥ譮  襭,  ⠪      㦥  訡.   ᪫祭
⠢ ᥬ,   㦥 訡  ⠢  ᢮
室    室  䠩.  箬  ''      ࠭
஬ 䠩.  ⨯ ᫥騥:
 .TMP - 室 ⠤ ९ (CPP).
 .1 - 室 ࢮ 室 ⠤  (C0).
 .S   - 室   ண   室   ⠤         ⠤
        ⨬ (C1  C2).

          5.3.  EIS

       אַ (INLINE)     ﬨ
EIS.    믮   ணࠬ,   祭         ⮣
  ,  饣 ⭮  EIS  (ਬ,    
"஭ 80-01"), 室 ணࠬ    権
.    EIS        祭         (
ᯮ짮   SPNHD,   SPEIS).

     EIS  㫨    "MUL",  "DIV",  "ASH",  "ASHC".
   3-  (1,5 ).    믮  (
  "஭  -80")    "MUL"  ਬ୮  1.2    ⨢
ਬ୮ 30    -4,  ..  ਬ୮    40  ࠧ  ,  
 "DIV" ਬ୮ 4,2  ⨢ 30 , . ਬ୮   140  ࠧ
.    ⠢    祭  ஬  EIS.

          5.4.    

      אַ  (INLINE)      ﬨ  FPU
("Floating Point Unit"),        ᮪  ᪮
믮  ணࠬ    ,    ᮮ⢥饥   ⭮
ᯥ祭.  믮  ணࠬ, 祭      ⮣
   ᯮ  ᫥        ,    
⭮ FPU, 室 ணࠬ  権 FPU.

    㤥  祭  FPU, । 稥  権  
     ࠭᫨㥬   ணࠬ      砬      ப:

᫨   '-F',   FPU  ᫮  砥.
᫨      '-J',       FPU   ᫮   
砥.  ⢨  祩  'F'    'J'    砥
⮫쪮  稨  㥬 ணࠬ 権  .

       6  (3  ).    ᫥
 -4 ( ஬,  /TS (TSX-PLUS)) - ਬ୮ 100  
    筮    ᥪ㭤,  祬    ⥬   ࠡ
(뢠)    ਬ୮  10%   ६,      ਬ୮   90%
ᮡ⢥  ࠡ . ᫥   ஬  믮
ਬ୮  8 ࠧ ॥, 祬  UNIX V7  (-    䥪⨢
⥬ ࠡ⪨  UNIX),  ਬ୮    3  ࠧ  ,  祬
믮    ᫥  FORTRAN-IV    FIS    -4     
                              - 36 -


/TS.   ᯮ   㫨    FIS    EIS.
祭  ந室    ࠢ  稥
쭮  뫪  "$$fpem",    ⠢    ணࠬ  
⠤ 樨 (C1).    ᯮ  ᫥      
⠢  祭 FPU.

          5.5.  FPU

    ।   ᯮ짮        FPU    室    ஢
樠  ⠭ ०  FPU  -    ⭮,
⠪  ॠ  ஬.  筮  樠  믮
  ணࠬ,  ⮬ 砥,  ᫨    ணࠬ  ᯮ
樨  . 樠   ᫮  ⪫,  ᯮ
 ''.        樨  㭪権,    ᮤঠ
樨    ,        ᯮ짮         "楫"
ਫ,    樨        ᯮ  (ਬ  -
㭪  _doscan()    ⠭⭮  ⥪,      ᮤন
 ८ࠧ  ᥫ  ,      ᯮ
  ணࠬ,    ᯮ   ⢥   ᥫ).   祭
樠樨 FPU ( 믮    㫥  $$init())  ࠢ
稥 쭮 뫪 "fpin$$",  ⠢   ணࠬ
 ⠤  (C1).  

          5.6.          

    ᪮ 䬥⨪     ᯮ      ਫ
몠 ""  ⠪    ,    堭  ᪫祭  (
) 㭪権  ଠ⭮  뢮  ᥫ    .    㬮砭
祭  㭪権  ଠ⭮  뢮  ᥫ      ந室  
稨  ணࠬ 権   ,    祭    㭪権
   㪠    ப    '-Z'.  
            ,   ᫨      ணࠬ
ᯮ 樨  ,  뢮 ᥫ    ᯮ.  ᫨
㭪樨  祭,  뢮 ᥫ      ᯮ,      
᫠ 㤥 뢥  ᨬ'?'  室    
᫮ ⥫.  ணࠬ ଠ⭮ 뢮 ᥫ    
 2  (1 ).
    祭 㭪権 ଠ⭮ 뢮 ᥫ      ந室  
e    ࠢ  稥  쭮   뫪   "$$fppr",
  (  室)  砥    ணࠬ      ⠤
樨 (C1).

          5.7. 

      믮  ࠧ  ⨬樮  ८ࠧ
ணࠬ,  ᭮ 騥 ⨬樨 ࠦ.  ஬  ⮣,
箬 'X'    祭  ⠤  ⨬  (C2),  
㤥  믮  ᫥  ⠤  .  ⠤  ⨬
㢥稢  饥  ६  樨  ਡ⥫쭮    20%   (
稨  㣨  ⠤)    ਢ,  -।,    㬥襭
쥬 १饩 ணࠬ  㢥祭 ᪮    믮
 3-5% (᫠ ⭮   ᪮,   쥬).    
''     ⨪  ⠤  ⨬.  ᮡ
ࠡ  ⨬    ,      ࠡ⪥  㭪樨  
頥  ⨢    (ᥬ)  ⥪,  ⮬
    㭪権  ⨬      墠   ⨢
. 室  ⠪ 樨 - ࠧ ணࠬ    
㭪樨.





                              - 37 -


          5.8. 

    ᫥  樨  祭   쥪   䠩      
᪮    ⥪  (        㣮).   ⠢
᫥騥 㫨  ⥪: 
 SPEIS.OBJ       EIS. 
 SPNHD.OBJ       EIS (祭  ).  
 CXLIB.OBJ  ⠭⭠ ⥪.    
 INITNF.OBJ  樠樨  樨  #  UNIX.  
 NFTIO.OBJ   䠩 ନ쭮 -뢮.   
 CRLIB.OBJ  ⥪ ⥬ 㭪権  RT11.  
 CTLIB.OBJ  ⥪ ⥫ ⥬ 㭪権 TS .
 CMLIB.OBJ  ⥪ ⠭ ⥬᪨ 㭪権. 
 ASPEIS.OBJ, ASPNHD.OBJ, CALIB.OBJ    㫨    ⮭ 
            ணࠬ  ⥪ ⮭ প.
 ANTIO.OBJ  /誠  ⪫祭 ନ쭮 /뢮
 ⮭ ணࠬ.

 LINK PROG,C:SPEIS,C:CXLIB/BOTTOM:2000 
 R LINK
 PROG=PROG,C:SPEIS,CXLIB/B:2000
 ^C
   饬 砥 䠩    㪠뢠   ᫥饬 
浪:

1.ꥪ 䠩 ணࠬ 짮⥫.
2.㫨 ⠭⭮ 䨣樨  ᯮ饩  ⥬  (᫨  
室): INITNF.OBJ, NFTIO.OBJ, AFTIO.OBJ.
3.  SPEIS  SPNHD
          祭    ⠭  ⥪,   ..
      ᨨ   騪      RT11   ⪠뢠
 ணࠬ  ࠢ ⮢ ᮬ, ᫨ ,  
ண  ந    ணࠬ,  室    ⥪.
4.⥫ ⥪ (CRLIB,  CTLIB,  CMLIB    .,    ⠪
⥪ 짮⥫).
5.⠭⭠ ⥪ CXLIB.

 "BOTTOM"   ப । (octal)    ࠭
࠭⢠, ⢮    ⥪  (  㬮砭    ࠭
ࠢ 01000). 稭 室 㢥祭  ⢮    ⥪
࠭⢠    ⮬,  ணࠬ,  ᠭ    "",    ⥪
ࠧ  ᢮     (⮬᪨)   ६.   
ணࠬ  ࠡ    ⥪ (01000),      ᫮
ணࠬ ( 訬 쥬 ⮬᪨ ६     让
㡨     맮)      ⥪      
࠭⢮  孥  ࠭楩    02000.  ९  ⥪
ਢ,  ࠢ,  ⠫ ⥬  訡  ⨯    
  ࠡ  樮  ⥬  (᫨  ᯮ     TS
).         ⫠   ᯮ짮      'P'
,    .    "।⢠    ⫠".        ⮬    㤥
஢ ᪠ ⥪  0600.

          5.9.   

      ⮣  ணࠬ      ᪮    ⥪
CALIB    CXLIB,        ⢥      㫥   
ᯮ짮   ASPEIS      ASPNHD      SPEIS        SPNHD
ᮮ⢥⢥.  ⮭ প,  ॠ    CALIB,
ন ⥬ ନ, 祭  ⠭    
⥬ ⠩ (⠭ ࠧ). 䥩  묨  㣨
ன⢠  ॠ뢠  ਪ ணࠬ.
     ࠭稢   ᯮ㥬    㭪権:
頥  ᯮ짮    㭪樨  -뢮    ⫠,
                              - 38 -


頥 ᯮ짮  㭪樨 ⥪ CRLIB  CTLIB.
      ணࠬ    祭    ଠ  "LDA",
  㦠   ᯮ    䮫    
⠭⭮  ᮫⭮  稪.    祭  ணࠬ   
ଠ "LDA" 室 㪠  "LDA"   LINK

 LINK/LDA PROG,C:ASPNHD,C:CALIB/BOTTOM:2000 
 R LINK
 PROG=PROG,C:ASPNHD,CALIB/L/B:2000
 ^C


          5.10.  

      ᠭ  ᫥    ᮮ饭  १       ᪮
㪠 ⠤ 樨, ன     ᮮ饭.
祭 ᫥騥:

 CC -  ⠤
 CPP - ⠤ ९
 C0 -  室 ⠤ 樨
 C1 - ன 室 ⠤ 樨
 C2 - ⠤ ⨬樨
 AS - ⠤ ᥬ

    饭, 뤠  ⠤ "CPP"    "C0"  ।  
䠩   ப  䠩, ࠧ   ᮡ    ⤥
 ᮮ饭 ᨬ  ':'.  饭,  뤠    ⠤  "C1"
।  ப  䠩, ⤥   ᮮ饭  ᨬ
':'. 饭 뢮    ᯮ짮  㪢    ॣ,
    ⮡ࠦ      ᪨   㪢      
ନ.
    饭 ਢ   䠢⭮  प,  祬    䠩  
 ப,   ।⢮ ᮮ饭  (.  )  
뢠.   訥 㪢   ᠭ    ࠧ,  
⠤ 樨  ᠭ ।⠢  "XX",    -
쥪 (ਬ  ६)  -    "NAME",  祬  祭  
窨.

























                              - 39 -


        6.     . 

⠢  ..    ।⢥    ⨢  ⨥
㤣த᪮  .  ⥫        ᥭ.
      ⫨砥  묨  묨  
묨 ᮡﬨ:

    ᥤ ࠡ ⮨   ᪥:
 14-Jan-89
 Volume ID: ⥬ 
 Owner    :  .
UCL   .SAV     4  04-Jan-89     8   UCL   .DAT     1  11-Jan-89    12
RT11CD.SYS    70  23-Aug-86    13   SWAP  .SYS     2  04-Jan-89    83
TT    .SYS     2  04-Jan-89    85   DE    .SYS     2  07-Jan-89    87
SL    .SYS    10  04-Jan-89    89   MX    .SYS    10  04-Jan-89    99
LP    .SYS     2  04-Jan-89   109   DIR   .SAV     6  24-Mar-88   111
NED   .SAV    13  04-Jan-89   117   LINK  .SAV    28  21-Jul-88   130
INITNF.OBJ     2  10-Feb-86   158   NFTIO .OBJ     2  16-Jan-86   160
SYSLIB.OBJ   162  04-Jan-89   162   SPEIS .OBJ     2  16-Jan-86   324
PIP   .SAV    25  21-Jul-88   326   DUP   .SAV    44  21-Jul-88   351
LIBR  .SAV    17  21-Jul-88   395   DAY   .SAV     4  21-Jul-88   412
DESS  .SAV    18  21-Jul-88   416   CGLIB .OBJ    17  06-Jan-89   434
 22 Files, 443 Blocks
 0 Free blocks

 14-Jan-89
 Volume ID:  
 Owner    :  .
CC    .SAV   227P 17-Jan-86     8   AS    .SAV    65P 29-Apr-85   235
STDIO .H       2  05-Sep-88   300   GRAFIC.H       3  14-Jan-89   302
MATH  .H       1  11-Jan-89   305   SETJMP.H       1  11-Jan-89   306
CTYPE .H       2  12-Jan-89   307   RDIR  .H       1  13-Jan-89   309
RDSTAT.H       1  13-Jan-89   310   RCSISP.H       1  13-Jan-89   311
RCSTAT.H       1  13-Jan-89   312   ERRNO .H       1  13-Jan-89   313
DBLK  .H       1  13-Jan-89   314   < UNUSED >   136              315
 13 Files, 307 Blocks
136 Free blocks

     ⠪   ᯮ ᥬ ﬨ ⠭⭮
⥪  -뢮  .  ஬  ⮣,     SY:SYSLIB   祭
⥪  ⥬᪨  㭪権,  ⥪  㭪権     RT11,
८ࠧ ᥫ   ப  ।⠢    ⭮  (
ଠ⭮ -뢮).
     ᪫祭:  䨫,    ॣ஢    ,  맮
㭪権  䥩ᮬ , 饭  㭪樨 ६   ଠ-
  UNIX.
     ᯮ  ॠ樮  ⥬,  ॠ  
UCL.DAT:
 CC/EDIT/COM/FPU/NFT/ASSEM/LINK/PROM/RUN/INC:<-> <_ணࠬ>
( 㪠     )
CC <_ணࠬ>    ⥪  쥪⭮ 䠩
/EDIT                ᪠ ।⥫쭮 । NED
/COMPILE              ⮫쪮  ᥬ୮ ⥪
/FPU                  砥  , 砥 .
/NFTIO                ⠯  - ⮫쪮 䠩 /.
/ASSEMBLER           ᥬ ᥬ ⥪.
/LINK                ᪠ 
/PROMPT                । 騪
/RUN                 ᪠ ணࠬ ᫥ 
/INCLUDE:               ⥫ ⥪.

    稥   魮    ⨬.    ࠢ    த⢨
䡨⥪,  ᠭ              祭   
                              - 40 -


⬠,   䥪⨢ - ᪮   ࠭  
 窥  ࠢ,  ᪮  ࠭  
   뫠  -    -    ᮢᥬ  த㬠
堭 । ࠬ஢    ஢᪮  䡨⥪.  
࠭᫨஢  ணࠬ  ⫠稪     ⢥ত,   
 ணࠬ           䥪⨢
ணࠬ, 祬 ⮫   ணࠬ    ⨬஬.
      ६,  祭      ⫠   (      ⭮
ணࠬ),    冷 .
    ᮪ ᪮ ࠭樨, ᮡ - ⠯ ᥬ஢  
ࠢ  ﬨ, ࠭᫨騬  ⥪  .
      ࠧ  ஬   䠩         ⠪
쪮  ஭  ᪥,      -3  (30   ).   쥬
ணࠬ,   楫 ( ⥪   㧮筮  )
࠭  ஭ ᪥, ⠢  ਬ୮  1  ࠭  ⥪.
 DE:  ஬ 䠩 墠⠥  ணࠬ ਬ୮  
2-3 ࠭  ਭ,  浪 200 ப.
    ⥫쭮 ⫨稩    ⠭.    ࠡ    
  ࠪ᪨    ࠢ  짮  묨
ࠢ묨 㪮⢠  (᪨,  "ࠢ筨    ணࠬ";
୨, ,   㣨).
     ⥫쭮 ஢ ⠭⭮ ࠬ ணࠬ:
  몫:
    䠩 -뢮;
    ⠭  #;
    ଠ -뢮;
     ⮬ ᮮ⢥ 㫨  ⥪     
,   ᮧ ணࠬ  쥬.
      unsigned  ⨬  ⮫쪮    ६   ⨯   int   
⨬  char  long.
     㭪樨 void  ⠥ ⨬.   ᫨  
⥫  㭪樨         return();,      
⭮ ⨯ void.  ⮬    ࠤ  ᮢ⨬  
ப:
    #define void int
      ஡訩       (⠪      IBM  PC,
LABTAM)           ଠ쭮    ࠡ뢠    ४ᨢ
ம।. ᪮       ਢ,    竨
㦭 ⬥  䠪.
    㦥  ⨬: ᫨  । ᨢ
    static char *txt[]={"rrwsowps","olorol","1ororo"};
  嫮   ।   ⪨.
⨬  㤠      ᥪ樨  .data.,    ன
稭 ᨢ  㪠⥫    ப.    ᫮,  
  室 ଠ쭮,   ⢥    ⮤
   譮 -  ᨢ 㪠⥫   ⥪
묨,  뭥      ⤥  䠩    ᪮஢  
⨬ ( 祩 T,X).
    ᨬ ᮮ     ⬥祭  譮  ࠡ  
饩 ⮩!  ஢ ணࠬ   樨    
஭-85  稫 㤮⢨   ᮪  ᪮  ࠡ
饩 䬥⨪,  ⮫㫨       .
 祣 । ᪠ .
    쬠 묨  ᮮ饭 :
.....Warning: "*=" operator assumed
     砥,  ᫨    ᢠ    ࠢ
  稭   ⢨    権    
 祭   ,    祭  ⭮  १  
   ࠢ     ᪮,    ⠢  ஡
᫥  ࠢ⢠.
     -   ᪮!


                              - 41 -


    ᫥  ணࠬ, ᫨   饭, 믮  
 ࠧ    ப    ணࠬ.    ࠧ  
ப ந  ⢨     "shell"
 UNIX: ᮧ ᨢ 㬥⮢  । 㭪樨  "main"  ,
 室, ந室 ७ࠢ /뢮.

          6.1.     

      ப       ⥪   -   ப   ᨬ,
襭 ᨬ <>    <>.      ப  ᨬ
஡    ࠧ⥫ﬨ  㬥⮢.  㬥⮬   ⠥
᫥⥫쭮   ᨬ,           ஡,    
᫥⥫쭮 ந  ᨬ,  祭    
  窨, ਬ, ப:
        param1 param2 "a a a" '"e"'
ᮤন 4 㬥:
        param1
        param2
        a a a
        "e"
    ᫨ ணࠬ 饭   䠩,    ப
⮦ 㤥      䠩.  ᫨  ணࠬ  饭  
ନ,   뢥    ନ  ਣ襭  "#  "    㤥
     ப.  ਣ襭      
ப  , . .
    ᫨   饭 (.  ),    ।    
ப ࠧ蠥  ᨬ    ॣ.    
  । ணࠬ  ப: ᫨  ணࠬ
饭 ப ". CHAIN"  㣮  ணࠬ,    ணࠬ
  ப   裡 (稭   0512   
ࢮ    '\0').    ࠧ     ப   뤥
㬥,  ଠ   ।    㭪樨  ணࠬ
짮⥫ "main()"       ࠬ஢,    筮
뢠 "argc"  "argv". "argc"  ⨯  "int"    ᮤন  ᫮
㬥⮢,  ।  㭪樨,  "argv"    ⨯  "char  **"   
  㪠⥫    ᨢ  㪠⥫    㬥   (
㬥  ࠧ 蠥 ᨬ '\0').  ᮢ⨬  
 UNIX 㭪樨 "main()" ।   㬥 ,  祬  
(㬥⮢) 뤥    ப.  ⥫  㬥
     ⥬  ᮤন ப  "XXXX".    
UNIX  㬥  ନ  ஬    "shell"  ,
J筮, ᮤন  ணࠬ.      ⥫쭮
㬥 ࠬ "argc"       1.  ਢ  ਬ
ணࠬ, 饩 ᢮ 㬥:
    main(argc, argv)
    {
    int argc;
    char* argv[];
    int i;
    printf("ணࠬ  %d 㬥⮢:\n",
                                          argc);
    for(i=0; i < argc; i++)
        printf("ARG %d = \"%s\"\n", i, argv{i});
    }  맮 ⮩ ணࠬ   ப
        abc "def ghi" 122 'm m' 稬:
    ணࠬ  5 㬥⮢:
    ARG 0 = "XXXX"
    ARG 1 = "abc"
    ARG 2 = "def ghi"
    ARG 3 = "122"
    ARG 4 = "m m"
      ப    ᮤঠ  㬥    "<file"   
">file",  ..  㬥,  騥    ᨬ  '<'    '>'   
                              - 42 -


᫥饩  ⨬ ᨬ  ஡ ᯥ䨪樨 䠩    ଠ
CSI.  㬥    ।  㭪樨  "main()",    뢠
७ࠢ  /뢮.        砥:    
ணࠬ 뢠  䠩:
        stdin  - 䠩 ⠭⭮ 
        stdout - 䠩 ⠭⭮ 뢮
        stderr - 䠩 ⠭⭮ 뢮 訡
      䠩  㬮砭 易    ନ,    䠩
⠭⭮    뢮      ७ࠢ    㣨
ன⢠  䠩      ᯥ樠  㬥⮢  
ப:
    ᫨   ப  㬥    "<file",  
"stdin" 㤥 易   䠩  "file",        ନ;  筮
⠪,  ⢨ 㬥  ">file" "stdout"  㤥  易
 䠩 "file". ᬮਬ ᫥ ணࠬ:
    # include <stdio.h>
    main()
    {
        register c;

        while ((c = getchar()) != eof) putchar(c);
    }
    ᫨  ப ,   ணࠬ    ᨬ  
ନ  뢮  ⭮  ନ, ,    
ப  <a.c >b.c
  ⮩ ணࠬ  ᪮㥬 䠩 "a.c"  䠩  "b.c".  
७ࠢ ⠭⭮ 뢮    ᯥ䨪樨  䠩  ("file")
    㪠  ,    ࠡ뢠     ࠧ.
饭 ᯮ饩 ⥬       믮  ⮢
⢨  㭪樨 $$init()     訡.    
訡 뢮 ⨪  믮 ணࠬ ४頥.
    ⨪ ᫥騥 ( ᮮ饭 ᯮ짮   ⨭᪨
㪢,        ନ    ⮡ࠦ   
訥 ᪨):
    "?io-start-cannot parse command line"
        - 訡  ࠧ  ப
    "?io-start-no memory"
        - 筮 ᪮ 
    "?io-start-cannot open standard input "file", code = dd."
        訡  䠩 "file"  ७ࠢ
        䠩 ⠭⭮ .  訡 dd.
    "?io-start-cannot open standard output "file", code = dd."
        訡  䠩 "file"  ७ࠢ
        䠩 ⠭⭮ 뢮.  訡 dd.
祭 訡  ।  . ਫ 2.

          6.2   

            ।      ணࠬ
    ६  ࠢ  ࠬࠬ   ⢨,
믮塞   ணࠬ:
      ࠧ襭  ᨬ   ॣ  ।
  ப (࠭   쭥襥  믮
ணࠬ).  ⮣ 室 ।  ணࠬ $$nolc = 1;
       ਣ襭     ப,  
: char $$prom[]="...";
    ப ᪠ 蠥 ᨬ '\200'  ⮣, ⮡  
뢮 ᪠ ( .GTLIN)  ந襫 室      ப.
    ப  (    ਣ襭).  
⮣ 室 ।  ணࠬ
        $$narg = 1;
 饭   ப ॠ ᯮ⥫쭮  ⥬
筮 ⠪ ,    ⮩  ப.
                              - 43 -


         7.    

       㬥   뢠           㭪権,
 짮⥫  ࠧ  ⨯  ନ  ⨬쭮
 ࠭ ⢫   ନ  ਥ樥   ࠭
⨬쭮 ६ 㪠⥫   窨 ࠭   㣮.  
ଠ         ⭮  ⨯  ନ
।祭   䠩   㥬.
       -    ணࠬ    믮
⠭  ࠧ    騩  ⨯  㭪権,      
ନ.  ⮨  3- ⥩:
         ࠭;
           ࠭  ;
        ⨬  .
     ᯮ짮 ⨬    ᯮ짮
    ⥩ .  ࠭    -
  祭 㭪権 ⨬樨  .
      㬥 ন ᫥ ନ:
       -  (window)
७ ।⠢, ᮤঠ饥 ࠧ  ࠭  ନ  
।  ६.  ""  墠뢠    ࠭
   (   ᨬ);

       - ନ  ࠭ ନ 
,   饥 ६ 짮⥫    ࠭ ନ.

       - ࠭ (screen)
 ,   ࠧࠬ ࠢ ࠭ ନ,  ..  
稭  孥  㣫    稢      ࠢ.
  , stdscr, ⮬᪨ ᯥ稢  짮⥫.

     ⮣, ⮡  ᯮ짮  ⥪,  室    
 ப ணࠬ 짮⥫  ப:
        #include <curses.h>
 "curses.h" ᮤন ࠧ 室 ।,    ⠪
砥 䠩 "stdio.h".   짮⥫    㪠
⥫쭮   ⥪,   ᮤঠ   뢠   㭪樨    
ࠧ饭 筮  䠩 CSLIB.OBJ.

 䠩 curses.h:
   ᠭ (  譨)  ⥫  ନ  (.  "ଠ  
ନ"    ਫ   1);ᠭ   ⨯   "WINDOW",   뢠騩
ਯ .
   । "OK" (1)  "ERR" (0) -     㤠筮  
㤠筮 襭 㭪権 .
   ᠭ ( "extern WINDOW *") curscr  stdscr
   । ᪨ ⨯ - "bool" ( "char")
    ᯮ짮    㭪権    ࠭
  ॣ,  ᮢ -  .     ᠭ
祭 /* + */

         7.1.  
    
      ⮣,  ⮡  ⨬쭮     ନ,   楤ࠬ
室 ,   饥 ६  룫廊  ନ    
   짮⥫.   ⮣  ।  ⨯  
() ⨯ WINDOW,  뢠 ࠧ     楤,
 砫쭮     ࠭  (न  (y,x)  孥
 㣫)   ࠧ. ᥣ        ⠪
⨯  (뢠  curscr).    ᮤন  ଠ    ⮬,   
룫廊 ନ  饥 ६.  㣨  ⮣  ⨯
 ७ ।⠢.  ᯮ   ᮧ  
࠭ ⥭樠쭮 ࠧ ࠭ ନ        
                              - 44 -


 אַ  ⭮襭    ⮬,    ⢨⥫쭮  室  
࠭.
    ᫨    짮⥫    ,  뢠饥,     
룫拉   ନ,        맢  㭪
refresh() ( wrefresh(), . ).  refresh()    ନ  
, 뢠 , 宦  .
    ⬥⨬,          ନ.  
࠭  ନ   ந   ⮫쪮   맮   refresh()   
wrefresh().       짮⥫   ন   ᪮쪮
ࠧ  ਠ⮢    ࠭  ନ.  ஬  ⮣,   
    浪,       䥪⨢
믮   .   ᫥   ⮣,      짮⥫   
⥫    맮 refresh()  ,   ᯮᮡ
 ⨬  믮 .

    襭   㭪権
     ⬥祭 , 㭪樨  ࠡ   ᪮쪨  ,
    ⮬᪨. :
     curscr
ࠧ ନ; 짮⥫   ।⢥   
curscr.
     stdscr
"⠭⭮ " - ࠭,  ஬,  ࠢ,  ᭮ 
ࠡ.
      ࠡ      ⢫  맮  ᮮ⢥
㭪権,  祬    ࠡ      ⠭   ࠭   (stdscr)
   ᯥ樠        㭪権    (ॠ    
ம饭  ᮮ⢥騬 㭪 饣 ),    
㦭 㪠뢠  . ਬ, ⮡    ᨬ  'c'  
஬  "win" 室 ᯮ짮 㭪  waddch(win,c),
  stdscr ᨬ 'c'   맢 addch(c).
     饬 砥, ᫨ 㭪樨 ਬ   stdscr,    
㭪樨  㪢  'w'  (᫥),      ࠬ஬  ⮩
㭪樨   ⥫ .    楤,    
ᥣ 室  㪠뢠 ,    'w'.
      ⥪  न   (y,x)         ᯥ稢
㭪ﬨ move()  wmove().        砩,  
᭠砫 室 믮 ,   ⥬  ࠧ      
뢮.   ⮬,      㤮⢠,   ।   設⢮   㭪権,
믮 /뢮,  ⠢  䨪  "mv"    室
न (y,x)     㬥⠬ 㭪権:
        move (y,x);
        addch (ch);
     
        mvaddch (y,x,ch);
   , 
        wmove (win,y,x); 
        waddch (win,ch);
     
        mvwaddch (win,y,x,ch); 
    ⥫  ᠭ    (win)    ᥣ      ।
न⠬ (y,x). 
    ।,   ⢨ 믮  stdscr,  
樨  ࠡ        㪠  (.
).








                              - 45 -


         7.2. 

       ⮣,   ⮡   ᯮ짮      ࠭,   室
। ࠭⢮  curscr    stdscr,    ⢫
㭪樥 initscr().  ⪥ । ࠭⢠    
  墠 -   ⮬  砥  initscr()  頥  ERR.
initscr() 室 뢠  ।  ᯮ짮    㭪権,
ࠡ  .  ᫥  ।    짮⥫  
ᯮ짮 .  ࠧ襭 ஫ (ᬥ饭 ଠ樨  
 室  ᫥ ப    ᫥)      室
ᯮ짮  scrollok().      ᮧ  ⥬
ᯮ짮  㭪権  newwin()      subwin().   㭪   delwin()
㭨⮦  .

         7.3. 

    ⨬,   室    ନ.    ⮣  㦭
᭠砫  ,    ⮬  ७      ନ.
᭮묨  㭪ﬨ,  ᯮ㥬묨         
addch()  move(). addch()    ᨬ        ⥪騬
न⠬  (y,x),        move()      ⥪騥
न.  믮    㭪権  ࠧ    ᯮ짮
mvaddch(). 㣨 㭪樨 뢮,  ⠪    addstr()    printw(),
뢠 addch()   ᨬ  .
    ᫥  ⮣,      ,  室  맢   㭪
refresh()      ନ.     ⨬樨   
refresh() ⠥,           
 ନ. ᫨    ⠪,        㭪樨  touchwin()
 ⠢ refresh()     ନ.  ⨬,  
  refresh()   ⭮襭  curscr. ᫨  ନ
 ᮮ⢥ curscr (ਬ  ନ 뫮  뢥  
㭪ﬨ      ந襫    ᡮ),    室
  ନ, 믮 wrefresh(curscr);

         7.4. 

    ᭮ 㭪  - getch(),      ᨬ  
ନ , ᫨  祭,  뢠  addch()    refresh()  
⮡ࠦ ᨬ (⥬   ⨬,  ..    ࠭
  ᥣ  ,    ந室    ନ).   
  ப 㭪樥 getstr()   ⢨  ଠ
   㭪樨 scanf().

         7.5.  

      砫  ࠡ  㭪   initscr()         setter()
⢫   ⠭   室   ०    ନ.    
४饭      ਮ⠭   ᯮ짮   楤    
室  맢  㭪  endwin(),    뤠  騥
᫥⥫쭮    ⠭  ०  ନ,      
맮 initscr().  室  ,        endwin()  
᢮,  ࠡ          맮
setterm()  wrefresh(curscr).
    ଠ      ନ   ࠭          ६,
।  䠩 "curses.h".     2 㪢  孥
ॣ      (  ᪮  몥)  ᪮   祭.
ਬ, "HO"  -  ப,    ६頥      室
 (HOME). ६  ᠭ  ࠧ    :  
ࠬ஢   . ࠬ    ᪨  ("bool"  .
)    ।,      ନ    
  ᮡ,  . ६    
⨯ "char *"     㪠⥫ﬨ    ப,    (ப)
ᮤঠ  ࠢ騥  ᫥⥫쭮  ନ,  ਢ騥   
                              - 46 -


믮 । 㭪権. ਬ "UP" - 㪠⥫   ப,
ਢ  ६饭   ࠭ ନ     ப
.
    室 ⬥   ᮡ: ᫨  ନ  
뢮  ᫥  ᨬ    ப    室     砫
᫥饩 ப (ࠬ AN == TRUE)  室  ᫥  ப
ਢ  ⭮ ஫ (ࠬ SD == TRUE),   ᫥
ᨬ ᫥ ப  ନ    ନ    뢮  (
뢮  ਢ      ᬥ饭  ࠭).      ⮬      ᨬ
뢠      訡    .  ᫨      ᨬ
ᬥ  ⮣ "ப⮣"  (ਬ    ஫),  
   ࠭ ନ.

         7.6.   

     ।⢥  ࠢ  ६饭    믮
㭪 mvcur().  室    室      
祭. ਬ:
        mvcur(0, 0, LINES/2, COLS/2);
। ப ('\n'),  ப 㤥 饭     ⥪騥
न (y,x)    砫 ᫥饩 ப.
      ⪨ ('\r')  ।  砫 ப.
 ⠡樨 ('\t')  뢮  ⭮襭   ⥪饬  
(⠡      8)  (    ࠭  ନ).   
뢮  ᮮ⢥騬  ᫮  ஡,  ,  ᫨      
   ⥪饩  ப,    ⠢訥    ७ᥭ  
砫 ᫥饩 (,  ,    ᮢᥬ  ४⭮).  addch()
頥 ERR, ᫨ ᫥ 뢮  ᨬ        
।  (뢮  ᫥  ᨬ    ᫥  ப,  ᫨
஫ 饭, . scrollok()). 訡      뢮
⠡樨,  饭  ஫  譨  ஡  뢮  
砫 ᫥ ப ( ⮦  ४⭮).
        char *str;
        window *win;
        addstr(str); /* + */
        waddstr (win, str);
 ப str  , 稭  ⥪ न (y,x 頥
ERR, ᫨ ப ⠥   ࠭ ࠭ (. addch()).
        char vert,hor; /* ᨬ  ࠬ */
        window *win;
        box (win, vert, hor);
ᮧ ࠬ  ࠭ () ,  ᯮ  vert    ⢥
ᨬ  ᮧ ⨪ ஭  hor -   ਧ⠫.
  묨.
        window *win;
        clear(); /* + */ 
        wclear(win);
頥   ⠭  ⮣  䫠 "clear".  ᫨  
  ࠭,      맮  refresh()    ⠪     
⠭  䫠  "clear"  㤥  믮  ⭠  ⪠
࠭. 騥 न (y,x)   ⠭  (0,0).
        window   *scr;
        bool     bollf;
        clearok (scr,boolf); /* + */
ࠢ 䫠 "clear"    ࠭  scr.  (᫨    ࠭  
,  㭪  ᫠    ).  ᫨  boolf  -  TRUE,  
뢠  ࠭ ()  ᫥饬 맮  refresh(),
  (⪨) , ᫨ boolf - FALSE.  ⫨稨    clear
clearok()   ᮤঠ ࠭. ᫨ scr -  curscr,    
맮  refresh()  ந  ⪠  ࠭,      ᫨   ,
। refresh   ࠭.
        window *win;
        erase(); /* + */
                              - 47 -


        werase(win);
ࠥ ,  ⠭ 䫠 ⪨.  筮 clear(),
᪫祭 ⮣,        뢠  믮  ⭮
⪨ ࠭    refresh().  㭪  erase()      易
  "mv".
        window *win;
        ctobot(); /* + */
        wctobot(win);
頥 , 稭   ⥪  न  (y,x)      .
   易   "mv".
        window   *win; 
        ctoeol(); /* + */
        wctoeol(win);
ࠥ ଠ  , 稭  ⥪  न  (y,x)    
 ப. 㭪   易   "v".
        window  *win; 
        delch(); /* + */
        wdelch(win);
ࠥ ᨬ  ⥪ न  (y,x).    ᨬ  ப,
騩 ᫥ 㭨⮦ ᨬ, ६頥     ᫥
ᨬ ப ⠭ ஡. ⥪騥 न  .
        window  *win;
        deleteln(); /* + */
        wdeleteln (win);
ࠥ ⥪  ப.    ப    ⥪饩  ६頥
, -  ᫥  ப  ⠭  ⮩.  騥  न
.
        char   c; 
        window  *win;
        insch(c); /* + */
        winsch (win, c);
⠢ ᨬ 'c'    ⥪騥  न  (y,x).  ᨬ  
ப ᫥ ⠢  ६頥 ࠢ    ᫥  ᨬ
ப 祧.
        window    *win;
        insertln(); /* + */
        winsertln (win);
⠢  ப    ⥪饩.    ப    ⥪饩
ᬥ頥      ᫥   ப   祧.      ப
頥. 騥 न (y,x)  .
        int   y,x;
        window *win; 
        move(y,x); /* + */
        wmove(win, y, x);
 ⥪騥 न     (y,x).  㭪  頥  ERR,
᫨ न 室  ࠭ ,  ⮬ ⥪騥  न
.
        window *win1, *win2;
        overlay(win1, win2);
ந  win1   win2    ,      ᮢ.
஡  win1 ⠢ ᮤন win2  ᮡ .
        window    *win1, *win2; 
        overwrite(win1, win2);
ந  win1  win2  ,   ᮢ.
        char   *fmt; 
        window *win;
        printw(fmt, arg1, arg2,...);
        wprintw(win, fmt, arg1, arg2,...);
printw() 믮 ଠ⭮ ८ࠧ  ᢮ 㬥⠬  
뢠  १  , 稭  ⥪  न  (y,x).
ᯮ  addstr()      ப     .   printw()
頥 訡 (ERR), ᫨ addstr() 頥 訡.
        window   *win;
                              - 48 -


        refresh(); /* + */
        wrefresh(win);
refresh()   㪠      ࠭  ନ,  ਢ
ࠦ   ᮮ⢥⢨      ᮤন.  ⠥,  
ࠦ   ନ    ᯮ祭    ६  ᫥
맮 refresh(), ..  믮﫮 ⮡ࠦ  -  ,
४뢠饣  .
     ॢ뢮 ᥣ    室  ।  refresh()  맢
touchwin()   .
        window    *win;
        standout(); /* + */
        wstandout(win);
        standend(); /* + */
        wstandend(win);
standout()  砥  ୠ⨢  ०   ⮡ࠦ   ᨬ,
뢠   (ਬ ન  ०  ᪨  㪢,
    ᨬ             ⥩     ନ).

standend() 몫砥 ୠ⨢ ० ⮡ࠦ  塞
ᨬ.

    㭪樨 
        echo(); /* + */
ࠧ蠥 宮⮡ࠦ  ᨬ  ,
        noecho(); /* + */
頥.
        window *win;
        getch(); /* + */
        wgetch (win);
  ᨬ  ନ, ,  ᫨  室,  믮  
宮⮡ࠦ. 頥 ERR, ᫨ ᫥   ⥪騥  न
㦤     ।  ,    ⨢  砥  頥
 ᨬ.
        window     *win; 
        char       *str; 
        getstr(str); /* + */
        wgetstr(win, str);
 (ᯮ getch()) ᨬ  頥   ப str  
 '\n',    ந 訡  getch(). '\n'   
ப  㤠,  ப  蠥   ᨬ   '\0'.   getstr()
頥 ERR, ᫨  getch()  頥  ERR.    ⮬  砥  str
ᮤন  ᨬ,        訡     襭
ᨬ '\0'.  ଠ쭮 襭 getstr() 頥 OK.
        char *fmt;
        window *win;
        scanw(fmt, arg1, arg2,...);
        wscanw(win, fmt, arg1, arg2,...);
⢫ ଠ  (. scanf()) ନ, ᨬ 
getch(). 頥 ERR,  ᫨  getch()  頥  RR.  室
,,᪮   ERR   ।      0,       
筮      祭   ERR,      㫥   祭,
頥 scanf().

     㭪樨

        window  *win;
        delwin(win);
㭨⮦ , ᢮   . ᫨   
 (subwin),  ᫥  㭨⮦,  ଠ    
蠥, ⮬  ⠪   㭨⮦.
        endwin();
४頥  (ਮ⠭)  ࠡ     :   頥   ࠭
ନ    ॢ  ନ    ०,          
                              - 49 -


믮 initscr().ࠡ         맮
setterm()      ⠭   室   ०    ନ    
wrefresh(curscr))  ᠭ ଠ樨  ࠭.
        window    *win; 
        int       y, x;
        getyx(win, y, x); /* + */
頥 ⥪騥 न (y,x)  win  ६饭 y   x.  
  । ᮢ ६, .. getyx() - .
        window   *win;
        inch(); /* + */
        winch(win); /* + */
頥 ᨬ, 室騩    ⥪  न  (y,x)  .
     ந室. 㭪     易
 "mv".
        initscr();
믮 砫 樠.   㭪  室  뢠
। ᯮ짮  楤     ᪫祭  mvcur(),
..  - 祭 ,  ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ⨬
 .
    믮  ⠭  室  ०  ନ   (㭪樥
setterm())  ᮧ    curscr    stdscr,    ERR,  ᫨
筮 ᢮ ,  stdscr  ଠ쭮 襭.
        window  *win;
        bool    boolf;
        leaveok(win, boolf); /* + */
ࠢ ᪨ 䫠, ।騬    ࠭
᫥ 믮  (㭪樥 refresh()). ᫨ boolf ==  FALSE
(  ⠪    㬮砭),    ᫥      㭪樥
refresh()    頥    ,  ।塞   ⥪騬
न⠬   . ᫨ boolf == TRUE,   ᫥  믮
     ⠥      ,      ⥪騥   न
४  न , ᫨     ।  ,
 ⠭  (0,0) ᫨   .
        window  *win;
        int     y,x;
        mvwin(win, y, x);
६頥 㪠  ,  ⠭    砫  न
(न  孥  㣫)    (y,x).  ᫨    멤  
࠭  ࠭, ६饭    ந     mvwin()  頥
ERR.
    室 ⬥,  ६饭       (subwin)
ᨬ,  ⮬    ࠭     ᮮ⢥⢨   (
࠭)   室  ६     ﭨ
 ᭮ .
        int     new_lines, new_cols, begin_y, begin_x;
        window * 
        newwin  (new_lines, new_cols, begin_y, begin_x);
ᮧ    new_lines ப  new_cols ,  砫묨
न⠬ (न⠬  孥 㣫) (begin_y,  begin_x).
᫨ ᫮ ப (new_lines)  () ᫮   (new_cols)  ࠢ
0,  ࠧ  ⠭  ᮮ⢥⢥    (LINES-begin_y)
 () (COLS-begin_x),  LINES - ᫮ ப  ࠭  ନ,
 COLS - ᫮ .   ࠧ,    祭    
ࠧ஢  LINES*COLS  室  ᯮ짮  newwin(0,0,0,0).  
ଠ쭮 襭 newwin()  頥  㪠⥫    ਯ
  (    ⢮ ᪨).
        window *win; 
        int  new_lines, new_cols, beg_y, beg_x;
        window * 
        subwin(win, new_lines,new_cols, beg_y, beg_x);
ᮧ    new_lines ப   new_cols      砫
(beg_y, beg_x)      win.    ⮬    ,
ந      , 뢠 ,  㤥
                              - 50 -


ᮢ   . beg_y, beg_x 㪠뢠  ⭮襭  
ᥬ ࠭,    (0,0)  win.  ᫨  ᫮  ப    ()  ᫮
 ࠢ 0,   ᮮ. न⠬ ࠧ 㤥  ⠭  
(LINES-begin_y)  (COLS-begin_x).
    ᫨   室    ।  ᭮  ,    
ᮧ    㤥    subwin    ERR,    㪠⥫   
ਯ  .

     ᪮쪮 ᮡ⥩ ࠡ  :
     ᯮ ப ᨢ ᭮ .
     믮    믮 refresh() ᭮
 ( ।⥫쭮 touchwin())  ⮡ࠧ  ,  
. ⥪騥 न  ).
    ᫨ boolf == TRUE,   뢮 '\n'  ᫥ ப  ࠭
 뢮 ᨬ  ᫥ 樨 ᫥ ப  ଠ  
 ६   ப ,   ப  ய,  
 㤥 ⠭   砫  ᫥,  ⮩  ⥯  ப
.    뢠 "஫".
        window *win; 
        touchwin(win);
⠭ ᮮ⢥騥 ६   㪠    ⠪
ࠧ,        㤥    ॢ뢥    맮
refresh().  室, ਬ, ᫨  ࠦ    
맮 㣨 . 室  ⬥,    ᫨    
࠭  뫨  맢    맮  㭪権    ,  
⠭ ࠦ 室 믮 wrefresh(curscr).

    ७ 㭪樨

        int  lasty, lastx, newy, newx; 
        mvcur(lasty, lastx, newy, newx);
६頥    ନ  (lasty,lastx)    (newy,newx).  
ᯮ짮  㭪  㭪権 ࠡ  ,    
ᯮ짮 ᫥       뢠  짮⥫  
室 ᯮ짮 move()  refresh()  ६饭 .

    ᫨ 㭪樨 mvcur()  ⨬ 砫쭮 ,  
⢫   ᮫⭮         㪠        (
ᯮ짮 אַ 樨, ᫨   - १ 砫  ࠭).
᫨    ⨬  ॡ㥬  ,       
न (न⠬)  ⨬ 祭  .
        window *win;
        scroll(win);
믮 ஫  㪠  - ᬥ饭 ଠ樨    
 ,  ⮬  ப  ய,    ⠭
⮩.
      ନ ᫥ ᯮ짮 scroll()  室
뢠 refresh(). ᫨    ࠭,    㭪  scroll
믮    scroll,  ᫨,   筮,   ⠪   
   ନ.
        setterm();
⠭ ० ନ, 室  ࠡ 㭪権  
(ᯥ०). ⠥   /TS. 뢠  initscr().

祭  ᯫ 15--013.
int     lines = 24, /* ᫮ ப  ନ */
        cols  = 80; /* ᫮   ନ */
bool    /* ᪨,   ॠ樨 char */
AM = 0, /* ⮬᪨ ⠭  ????*/
AN = 1, /*  뢮 ᫥ ᨬ  ப
           ᯫ 믮 ⮬᪨ 室
             ப.
           ᫨ AL == 1,  SD == 0,  ⠥,
                              - 51 -


              ᫥ ப
            ३  砫 ࢮ */
BS = 1, /* 稥    ᨬ */
CA = 1, /* 㥬  */
GT = 1, /*   ⠡ */
HL = 0, /* 1 - ନ 㤥ন   
           ப (  ய᪠   
           ࠭ (⠪  , ᫨ ࠧ ࠭
           ⠭  䠪᪮ ࠧ
           ࠭ ନ.
            祭 ⮫쪮 ᫨ AL == 0 */
MS = 1, /*  믮  ⢨ 
            ० standout */
NC = 0, /*  믮   ⪨ ('\r'),
           ନ 믮 ⮫쪮 "\r\n" */
NONL = 0, /* ନ   . '\n'  '\r' */
SD = 1; /*  ⭮ scroll 
           믮 '\n'  ᫥  ப */
char
*BC = NULL,     /* ⭮  , ᫨  '\b' */
*BT = NULL,     /* ⭠  ⠡樨 */
*CE = "\033K",  /* ⪠   ப */
*CL = "\033H\033\J",    /* ⪠ ࠭ */
*CM = "\033Y  ",/* אַ 樮. , . tgoto */
*HO = "\033H",  /*   室 */
*LL = NULL,     /* 室  ᫥ , . 0 */
*ND = "\033C",  /*  饥   ᨬ । */
*SE = "\017",   /* 室  ० standout  ନ */
*SO = "\016",   /* ⠭ standout  ନ */
*TA = NULL,     /*  饩 ⠡樨
                                    (E᫨  '\t') */ 
*TE = NULL,     /*  ନ, ࠧ騩
                   稢 ᫥⥫쭮 ??? */
*TI = NULL,     /*  ନ,
                   ࠧ騩 樠 ???*/
*UC = NULL,     /* ન   ᨬ */
*UE = NULL,     /* 몫祭 ન */
*UP = "\033A",  /*  ப  */
*US = NULL,     /* 祭  ન */
*VE = "\033H\033\J", /* 㠫쭠 稢
                        ᫥⥫쭮 */
*VS = "\027\033H\033\J"; /* 㠫쭠 砫쭠
                            ᫥⥫쭮     */

    ᫨  ନ  ﬠ  ,  
  ᠭ  㭪  tgoto,  ନ     ᫥⥫쭮
ࠢ ।⢥ 樨 ("cm")  ப,  ਢ  
믮 室  㪠  㬥 .  ਬ,  
15--013  㭪 룫廊 ⠪:
    char *
    tgoto(p, col, lin)
    register char *p;
    {
            p[2] = ' '+lin;
            p[3] = ' '+col;
            return(p);
    }
᫨ אַ 樨  ନ  ,    㭪  tgoto()  
  "OUT"
    tgoto()
    {
            return("OUT");
    }
                              - 52 -


        8.    -3. 

  .. 205  
Last correction : Date 10/03/90  Time 00:01:48

     ᪨  ।  ।⠢  짮⥫  쬠
㤮 ।⢠  ⠪  뢠  "쥩  䨪"    
஬  ਬ⨢,  ம।ﬨ,  ᨬ    
뢮    ਭ      ⨯  (EPSON,   -30-004,
D-100).
       ࠭   ᪨   ।      
⥪    - 㧮    CGRED.SAV,  ⥪
CGLIB.OBJ, 室 ⥪  몥   襩    ⥪  
ᠬ ।.
       ⠥  室  ॡ  ᮡ  -
易⥫ 짮⥫ﬨ  ।,    ᠬ  襭  ।
ᥣ ⮣,     㪨.       
    冷筮   ,      㤥   த   
ணࠬ  த,          ४      ⢠,
䠪᪨  ।    ⠫  ࠢ    ணࠬ   ࢮ
筮.
     ᥬ 堪ࠬ!  ⥪    ६:  extern  char
*ident,*author; char *ident="X00.01 ",*author=" ..  205  
";
       ⮫쪮 ,   㦭,     ᮡࠥ
⢥       ᨨ, ,  祢,  .
  ⬥     ᠭ.    
   ࠡ.

⪨ ᯨ᮪ 㭪樮  ।:
+       =       㢥祭/㬥襭 ᪮ ஢
;       -       㢥祭/㬥襭 蠣 ஢

Pgmdefine       ணࠬ
Jumppgm         ணࠬ

Input           䠩  , ࠭祭 ࠬ
Output         뢮 , ࠭祭 ࠬ,  䠩.

Text           室  ० ᨬ쭮 

Circle         㦭  業஬   饬      ࠤᮬ,          
               ࠢ ࠧ ਧ⠫ न ஢
*
.              /몫 饩 窨
Rubber         /몫 饩 १, ⮩  ࠬ.

















                              - 53 -


          9.      DEC. 

    ⠢   ୮ 浪  ..
   ࠧ㫨      ᢮      ᫥    ਠ:
    CC  CCDCUS  101  AS  ASDCUS   46    CCC
 CCPDEC  89  ASC  ASPDEC  42 
    ன    ࢮ  ⫨砥  ⮫쪮  ⥬,      ࠡ⠭
ணࠬ PRESS.
    ࠭       227      
⫨砥 祭 ⢥:

 1.  ᪮쪮  㣮  䥩    ப,  ਡ  
11.
 2.  ⢨  ⨬.    ,      ନ,
쭮  ( ନ㥬 227-    몫祭
⨬஬ -  ⮬   室   -  訡  
⬥ ⨬樨).
 3. ⥫쭮 訩 쥬, 騩 ᮡ    ⥬
᪥ ୮ ⭮  ,  ᥬ,  ⥪.
 4. ⢨ প 饩 ⮩.    ᠬ  ᭠  
ᮡ,  ࠡ ⮫쪮  楫 䬥⨪.
 5. ⢨  #include
 6. ⢨ ᫮ ॠ "?".
 7. ⢨ 樠樨  ६.
 8.  ᪠   ⮫쪮 몫祭 ᢮,    
ᯮ 䠩 SWAP.SYS  । ᪥.
 9.    ᪮   ࠭樨    (ᬮ         ⢨
⨬)      ⥫쭠  .    
 ᪮, ९ᠢ    ஭      ᯮ饩
⥬ SUPORT.OBJ.
 10. ⢨  ⥪-祪    䠩  /뢮    
 ணࠬ  樨 室 ப  UNIX.  ਢ  
ࠧ ணࠬ  㧮筮    8 .
 11. 訥 ⢠ 娢    ⥪  ଠ樨.  
⮬  㦥  /BOTTOM:2000  .
 12. 稥  ⥪ ࠧࠧ 㫥 ८ࠧ  楫
ᥫ  ப  ⭮.


























                              - 54 -


         10.  

(Warning only) - (C0)
        ।饥 ᮮ饭 뫮 ।०,   訡.
0-Length row: name - (C0)
        ꥪ   0. (*)
?CC-F-Bad input filename "filnam" - (CC)
        ⨬  室 䠩.
?CC-F-Bad output filename "filnam" - (CC)
        ⨬  室 䠩.
?CC-F-Can't open input file "filnam": errmes - (CC)
         㤠  室 䠩: 稭.
?CC-F-No input file - (CC)
          室 䠩.
?CC-F-No output file name - (CC)
          室 䠩 (   'O').
?CC-F-Too many input files - (CC)
           室 䠩.
?CC-F-Too many output files - (CC)
           'O'.
?CC-F-Unknown switch 'X' - (CC)
        ⨬  'X' ('X' -  ).
?CC-I-I'm do nothing as you like - (CC)
        뫨 ᮢ⭮   'M', 'C'    'S',      
        ⨢ ⠤.
?XX-F-Can't close output file "filnam": errmes - (CC)
        訡  ⠤ "XX"  ⨨ 室 䠩  "filnam":
        稭.
?XX-F-Can't close tof "filnam": errmes - (CC)
        訡   ⠤  "XX"    ⨨  ஬筮  䠩
        "filnam": 稭.
?XX-F-Can't open tif "filnam": errmes - (CC)
        訡  ⠤ "XX"   ⨨  ஬筮  室
        䠩 "filnam": 稭.
?XX-F-Can't open tof "filnam": errmes - (CC)
        訡  ⠤ "XX"  ⨨  ஬筮  室
        䠩 "filnam": 稭.
Bad formal: "name" - (CPP)
        ⨬  ଠ  ࠬ  "NAME"     ।
          㬥⠬.
Bad func. storage class - (C0)
        ⨬   (auto)  ᠭ 㭪樨.
Bad include syntax - (CPP)
        訡   #include - 㬥    "file"  
         <file>.
Bad structure/union/enum name - (C0)
        ⨬   , ꥤ  ᫥.
Bad type for field - (C0)
        ⨬ ( int  unsigned) ⨯  ⮢ .
Binary expression botch - (C1),
Botch in outcode - (C0)
        ᡮ  訡  .
Break/continue error - (C0)
        ᯮ짮  "break"  "continue"  室饬
        ⥪ -  ⥫ 横  "continue"     ⥫  横                
         ४⥫  "break".
C error: const - (C1)
         ⠭⭮ ࠦ  ਬ  ॠ  
        ( 믮 ⠪ 樨  ६묨    "No
        code table for...").
C optimizer: out of space - (C2)
        ⨬  墠⨫ . ࠧ ணࠬ    
         㭪樨 (ࠧ 䠩   易⥫쭮).
                              - 55 -


C2: Sorry, input line too long - (C2)
        ᫨誮  室 ப  ⨬.
Call of non-function - (C0)
        襭     㭪樨    '  (६),  
        㭪樥  , ਬ 饭     ᨢ
          foo(1),    foo[1].
Can't find include file "filnam" - (CPP)
          䠩 "filnam", 㪠   #include.
Case not in switch - (C0)
         "case" 㯮ॡ   ⥫ ४⥫.
Compiler botch: call - (C1),
Compiler error (length) - (C1),
Compiler error: pname - (C1)
        ᡮ  訡  .
Compound statement required - (C0)
        ⥫  㭪樨       ⠢      (㯯
        ஢  䨣  ᪮):  ᫥  ।  㭪樨
         뢠饩 䨣୮ ᪮  饬 .
Conflict in storage class - (C0)
        ᮢ⨬      ᠭ  (ਬ  extern
        register).
Constant required - (C0)
            ⥪  (ਬ    樠樨      
        樨  "case")  室  ⠭    ⠭⭮
        ࠦ.
Declaration syntax - (C0)
         ᨭ⠪  ᠭ.
Default not in switch - (C0)
         "default" 㯮ॡ   ⥫ ४⥫
Disallowed conversion - (C0)
        ⨬ ८ࠧ ⨯.
Divide check - (C0, C1)
          ⠭ 0.
Duplicate case (swval) - (C1)
         ⥫ ४⥫        樨
        "case"  묨 祭ﬨ "swval".
Excessive -I file (dev) ignored - (CPP)
        ᫨誮   ⥫  ன    ᪠  䠩
        ᠭ,    祩 'I'. ன⢮  "dev"
        .
Expression input botch - (C1)
        ᡮ  訡  .
Expression overflow - (C0)
        ᫨誮 ᫮ ࠦ -  ९  ७  ⥪
           ࠧ.       ࠦ,        ᯮ
        ஬ ६.
Expression syntax - (C0)
        訡 ᨭ⠪    ࠦ.  訡,    ࠢ,  
        㪠 ப.
External definition syntax - (C0)
        訡 ᨭ⠪  ।  譨  .  訡
             稨  譨  뢠  䨣
        ᪮.
Field too long - (C0)
        ⮢   ᫨誮  .
Floating % not defined - (C1)
         ࠭ ⨯ float  double  '%' ।.
If-less else - (CPP)
         #else,  ண   ।饥  #if
         #ifdef.
If-less endif - (CPP)
        筮 #endif

                              - 56 -


Illegal # - (C0)
        ⨬ ப,  稭    '#',      室
        ⠤ . 筮 - #   ࢮ 樨.
Illegal conditional - (C0)
        ⨬  '?' - ᫥   ':'.
Illegal conversion - (C0)
        ⨬ ८ࠧ ⨯.
Illegal enum constant for "name" - (C0)
           ।   ᫥          "name"
        ᯮ ⨬  樠  (  ⠭  
        ⠭  ⨯ int).
Illegal enumeration "name" - (C0)
        ⨬ ᫥ "name".
Illegal indirection - (C0, C1)
        ⨬  ᢥ    -  ⪠   ᯮ짮
        (஬   '*')      㪠⥫   ६,    
        㪠⥫  .
Illegal initialization - (C1)
        ⨬ 樠.
Illegal lvalue - (C0)
        ⨬ l-祭: ⪠  (஬ '&') 
        樨,    饩  ,  ਬ  ࠦ   
        ⠭.
Illegal macro name - (CPP)
        ⨬   ம।.
Illegal operation on structure - (C1)
        ⪠ 믮   ࠬ  ।  .
        (*)
Illegal storage class - (C0)
        ⨬      (ᯮ짮  ᮢ   
        "auto"  "register"  譥 ।).
Illegal structure operation - (C1)
        ⨬   ன (    㭪樨
          祭). (*)
Illegal structure ref - (C0)
        ⨬ 뫪   .
Illegal type of operand - (C0)
        ⨬ ⨯ ࠭  (࠭)      樨
        (ਬ  樨 "a <<= d",  'd'  ⨯ "float").
Illegal use of register - (C1)
        ⨬ ᯮ짮 ॣ஢ ६  (ਬ,
        ⨥ ).
Illegal use of type - (C0)
        ⨬ ᯮ짮 ⨯.
Illegal use of type name - (C0)
        ⨬ ᯮ짮  ⨯.
Inappropriate 'else' - (C0)
        㦥 "else",  ண  "if".
Inappropriate parameters - (C0)
        ᮮ⢥騥 ࠬ  맮 㭪樨. (*)
Incompatible structures - (C0)
        ᮢ騥    (ਬ     ᢠ   
          㭪樨   祭).
Intermediate file error - (C1)
        訡   ஬ 䠩.
Long character constant - (C0)
        ᫨誮  (  ᨬ) ᨬ쭠 ⠭.
Lvalue required - (C0)
        ॡ l-祭: ᯮ짮  㪠⥫    ⥪,
            祢  ᫥,     ,   ᪮॥   ᥣ,
        ॡ  ',      㪠뢠     㪠⥫,
        ਬ: p++ = c;  *p++ = c;

                              - 57 -


Misplaced 'long' - (C0)
        ⨯ "long" ᯮ짮 ४⭮ (ਬ "long double").
Misplaced 'unsigned' - (C0)
        ⨯ "unsigned" ᯮ짮  ४⭮  (ਬ  "unsigned
        float").
Missing '}' - (C0)
         (  ) 뢠 䨣ୠ ᪮.
More than 1 'default' - (C0)
         ४⥫ ।   樨 "default".
"Name" multiply defined - (C0)
         ⭮ । ().
"Name" redeclared - (C0)
         ८। (। ).
"Name" redefined - (CPP)
          ८।  ஬  "#define"     ९
        (।०).
"Name" undefined - (C0)
         ।.
"Name" undefined; func. "fname" - (C0)
          㭪樨 "fname" ।.
"Name": actuals too long - (CPP)
            ᯨ᪠   䠪᪨   ࠬ஢      
        㬥⠬ ᫨誮 . ९ ந諮   
        ࠬ "name".
"Name": argument mismatch -(CPP)
         "name"   ७    䠪᪨  ࠬ஢
            ,  祬  ᫮  ଠ  ࠬ஢  
        । (।०, 譨  ࠬ  ,
        騥  묨).
"Name": macro recursion - (CPP)
         ४  ७  "name"
"Name": too much pushback - (CPP)
        ᫨誮    ⨨ ம।  
        ९ (९  ம। "name").
"Name": unterminated macro call - (CPP)
         䠩 㦥    "name"  (  ⥭  ᯨ᪠
        䠪᪨ ࠬ஢).
Names "name1" and "name2" conflict - (C0)
          "name1"  "name2" ࠧ,   ᮢ
          6 ᨬ.
No auto. Aggregate initialization - (C0)
        ⨬  栫  ⠢   ⮢   (,
        ᨢ),  ⨯ auto.
No match' for op code - (C1)
No code table for op: name - (C1)
NO code table for op code - (C1)
         C1  ॠ     "code"  (  ७
        ᮢ⨬ C0   C1,    -  த饩
        ࠧࠡ⪨).
No field initialization - (C0)
        ⨬ 樠 ⮢ .
No space - (CPP)
        筮   ࠡ ९.  䠩 
         ⪨.
No strings in automatic - (C0)
        ⨬ ப  ⨯ auto.
Nonterminated comment - (C0)
        ࠭祭   ਩   (   䠩   祭    
        ਨ).
Nonterminated string - (C0)
        ࠭祭  ப  -     ᨬ쭮   ப   祭
        ࠭஢ ᨬ ॢ ப.

                              - 58 -


Not an argument: "name" - (C0)
        ६  "name",   ᠭ      ᠭ   ଠ
        ࠬ஢   㭪樨         ᯨ᪥    ଠ
        ࠬ஢.
Null dimension - (C0)
         ᠭ ୮  ᨢ  饭    ࠢ  
        - ࠧ୮, ஬ ᠬ 襩 (ᠬ ࠢ).
Number syntax - (C0)
        ᨭ⠪᪠ 訡   ⠭ (᫠).
Out of space - (C0)
        筮   C0, ᮮ C1.  䠩   
        ⪨.
Output write error - (CPP)
Pow2 botch - (C1)
Pname called illegally - (C1)
        ᡮ  ७ 訡 .
Rank too large - (C0)
        ⢮ ࠧ୮⥩ ୮ ᨢ ॢ室 5.
Register overflow: simplify expression - (C1)
         ⪥ ᪮஢ ࠦ  墠⨫  ॣ஢  -
           ࠦ      㬥   ᫮   ॣ஢
        ६.
Stack overflow botch - (C1)
        ९ ७ ⥪.  ࠦ.
Statement syntax - (C0)
        ⨬ ᨭ⠪ . 訡, ⭥ ᥣ,  
        । ப.
Switch table overflow - (C0)
        ९ ७ ⠡   ४⥫.  
        ⢮ 権 "CASE".
Symbol table overflow - (C0)
        ९ ⠡ ᨬ.    訥  㭪樨  
        䠩   訥,  譨  ६  (    )
        ᤥ ७.
Token too long - (CPP)
        ᫨誮  室 ப.
Too many -D options, ignoring "sym" - (CPP)
        ᫨誮   ᨬ,  ।塞    ९  
         祩 "D".  "sym" .
Too many -U options, ignoring "sym" - (CPP)
        ᫨誮    ᨬ,  ।    ᭨  
        ९
Too many defines - (CPP)
Too much defining - (CPP)
        ᫨誮  ம। (#define).
Too many formals: "name" - (CPP)
        ᫨誮  ଠ ࠬ஢   .  ९
        㯨  ࠬ "name".
Too many initializers: "name" - (C0)
        ᫨誮  樠஢  ꥪ  "name"  (ਬ,
         ᨢ  4 㪠 5 祭  樠樨).
Too many structure initializers - (C0)
         樠樨  㪠  樠஢,
        祬 ᫮ ⮢ .
Too many structure members - (C0)
          ᫨誮  童.
Too many }'s - (C0)
        誮  뢠 䨣 ᪮:  㫥  ஢
         㦥 뢠 䨣ୠ ᪮.
Type clash - (C0)
        ⨬ ᠭ: 䫨  ⨯  (ਬ  int  float
        a;).

                              - 59 -


Type is too complicated - (C0)
        ।塞 ⨯ ᫨誮 ᫮. 
Undefined control - (CPP)
        ᯮ  ९஬  祢  ᫮      ப,
        稭饩  '#'.
Undefined structure - (C0)
        । .
Undefined structure initialization - (C0)
        樠 । .
Unexpected eof - (C0)
         䠩 祭  室饬 ⥪.
Unimplemented field operator - (C1)
        ᯮ짮 ⨬  ⮢  .
Unimplemented structure assignment - (C1)
        ॠ ᢮  (   ⮫쪮
         ।   㭪  祭). (*)
Unknown character - (C0)
         ⥪ ணࠬ  祭  ⨬  ᨬ.  
         ( 稭) 稭 -    ணࠬ  ⠪,  
          ।⠢    㪮⢠    "",  祭   
        設 ⥫  ᯥ⠭  ,  饬  
        ⨭᪨ 㪢: 뢠 䨣ୠ ᪮  뢠  
        "\(", 뢠 -   "\)",  ⨪쭠    -  
        "\!"  .. .  ⮬ 砥 "ᠭ  몠.  㯫".
          稭 - ⨥    ०६  ⨥
        ᨬ쭮 ப.
Unknown keyword - (C0)
        ᯮ 祢 ᫮.
Unreasonable include nesting - (CPP)
        ᫨誮    (  10)  㡨    䠩   
        "#include".
Usage : CC [-CEFJKLMNPRSTXZ] ....... - (CC)
        ᪠ -      ப  -  뤠    맮
          ⮩  ப.
Warning: possibly too much data - (C1)
        ।०: 祭  让      (  56000
        ).
Warning: structure redeclaration - (C0)
        ।०: ८। .
Warning: very large data structure - (C0)
        ।०: 祭 让  .
Warning: "x=" operator assumed - (C0)
        ।०: 㦥     "=op",  
         ஢  ॢ    ⠢
        樨 ᢠ.  ࠧ㬥   ⠪
        ,  ..  ८ࠧ           "op=".
         ⠪ ࠧ⥭ ,    ᮬ⥫
        樨  ᪮: r=(-1);
Write error on temp - (C0)
        訡   ஬ 䠩.
XX complete - (CC)
        ᮮ饭  ᯥ譮 襭 ⠤ "XX" (뤠,  ᫨
          'L').










